British princess


This is a list of those who have held the title Princess of the United Kingdom from the accession of George I in 1714. This article deals with both princesses of the blood royal and women who become princesses upon marriage.
The use of the title of Princess of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is entirely at the will of the sovereign as expressed in letters patent. Individuals holding the title of princess are styled "Her Royal Highness". On 18 April 1917, the newest granddaughter of Wilhelm II, German Emperor was styled a British Princess from birth even though Germany and Britain were fighting in WWI. George V wrote Letters Patent on 30 November 1917, to restrict the automatic assignment of the title "Princess" and the use of the style "Royal Highness" to the following persons:
On 31 December 2012, Elizabeth II issued letters patent enabling all children of the eldest son of the Prince of Wales to enjoy the princely title and style of Royal Highness, as opposed to only the eldest son.

Princesses of the blood royal and princesses by marriage

Under the current practice, princesses of the blood royal are the legitimate daughters and the legitimate male line granddaughters of a British Sovereign. They are dynasts, that is potential successors to the throne. For these individuals, the title "Princess of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland" and the style "Her Royal Highness" is an entitlement for life. The title Princess and the style Royal Highness is prefixed to the Christian name, before another title of honour. From 1714 until 1917, the male-line great-granddaughters of the Sovereign were titled "Princess of Great Britain and Ireland" with the style "Highness". Since 1917, the male-line great-granddaughters of the Sovereign have held "the style and title enjoyed by the children of dukes". For example, the daughters of the current Duke of Gloucester, a male line grandson of George V, are styled The Lady Davina Lewis and The Lady Rose Gilman.
Princesses by marriage are the recognised wives of the Sovereign's sons and male-line grandsons. Generally, these women are entitled to the style "Royal Highness" by virtue of marriage, and retain the style if widowed. However, Queen Elizabeth II issued Letters Patent dated 21 August 1996 stating that any woman divorced from a Prince of the United Kingdom would no longer be entitled to the style "Royal Highness". This has so far applied to Diana, Princess of Wales, and Sarah, Duchess of York.
Since the passage of the Royal Marriages Act 1772, there have been several instances in which princes of the blood contracted marriages in contravention of that act and several instances in which the Sovereign withheld the style "Her Royal Highness" from a prince's wife deemed to be unsuitable. For example, Prince George, Duke of Cambridge, a male-line grandson of George III, married Sarah Louisa Fairbrother, in contravention of the Royal Marriages Act. Although morganatic marriage did not exist in British law, the duke's wife was never titled the Duchess of Cambridge or accorded the style "Her Royal Highness". Instead, she was known as "Mrs FitzGeorge". Most famously, George VI issued Letters Patent dated 27 May 1937 that entitled The Duke of Windsor "to hold and enjoy for himself only the title style or attribute of Royal Highness so however that his wife and descendants if any shall not hold the said title style or attribute".
The wife of a prince of the blood takes her husband's Christian name in her title as do all married royal women. For example, upon her marriage to Prince Michael of Kent in 1978, Baroness Marie-Christine von Reibnitz assumed the title and style of "Her Royal Highness Princess Michael of Kent". Similarly, upon her marriage to then Prince Richard of Gloucester, the former Birgitte van Deurs assumed the title and style of "Her Royal Highness Princess Richard of Gloucester".
The situation is slightly different when a woman is married to a prince who happens to be a peer or the Prince of Wales. Upon marriage, the wife of the Prince of Wales becomes "Her Royal Highness The Princess of Wales". Upon marriage, the wife of a royal duke becomes "Her Royal Highness The Duchess of X". When Prince Richard of Gloucester succeeded to his father's dukedom in 1974, his wife became "Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Gloucester".
There is also the case when a princess of blood royal marries a British Prince. She also becomes a princess by marriage and will be addressed in the same way. An example of this situation was the late Princess Alexandra, Duchess of Fife, when she married her cousin Prince Arthur of Connaught and became "Princess Arthur of Connaught, Duchess of Fife."
It has been traditional, and is still technically the case, that a princess by marriage cannot be called Princess followed by her first name. Diana, Princess of Wales, was consistently referred to as "Princess Diana" by fans and the media, but the use of this title is completely erroneous, as she was not the child of a monarch nor the child of a son of a monarch. However, this tradition was broken once in the past century with Queen Elizabeth's aunt, Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, being referred to—with permission from the sovereign—in official sources as such following the death of her husband.

History

The use of the titles prince and princess and the styles of Highness and Royal Highness for members of the Royal Family is of fairly recent usage in the British Isles. Before 1714, there was no settled practice regarding the use of the titles prince and princess other than the heir apparent and his wife. From 1301 onward, the eldest sons of the Kings of England have generally been created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester. Their wives were titled Princess of Wales.
The title Princess Royal came into being in 1642 when Queen Henrietta Maria, the French-born wife of Charles I, wished to imitate the way the eldest daughter of the French King was styled. However, there was no settled practice on the use of the title princess for the Sovereign's younger daughters or male-line granddaughters. For example, as late as the time of Charles II, the daughters of his brother James, Duke of York, both of whom became Queens regnant, were called simply "The Lady Mary" and "The Lady Anne". The future Queen Anne was styled princess in her marriage treaty to Prince George of Denmark and then styled "Princess Anne of Denmark" once married. However, in exile at Saint-Germain-en-Laye the deposed James II gave the title of Princess Royal to his last daughter, Louisa Maria.
After the accession of George I of Hanover, the princely titles were changed to follow the German practice. The children, grandchildren, and male line great-grandchildren of the British Sovereign were automatically titled "Prince or Princess of Great Britain and Ireland" and styled "Royal Highness" or "Highness". Queen Victoria confirmed this practice in Letters Patent dated 30 January 1864.
On 31 December 2012, Elizabeth II issued letters patent enabling all children of the eldest son of the Prince of Wales to enjoy the princely title and style of Royal Highness, as opposed to only the eldest son.

Styling of princesses

Princesses of the blood royal

When a princess marries, she still takes on her husband's title. If the title is higher than the one she possesses, she will normally be styled using the female equivalent. If her husband has a lower title or style, her style as a princess remains in use, although it may then be combined with her style by marriage, e.g. HRH The Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll or HRH Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone – if that princess had a territorial designation, she may cease its use. However, some of the lowest styles are not utilised by senior royals — Princess Anne remains HRH The Princess Royal rather than HRH The Princess Royal, Lady Laurence.

Princesses by marriage

A princess by marriage is addressed as "Princess Husband's name"; this is akin to a woman being referred to as "Mrs. John Smith". The only recent time this has broken tradition is with the sovereign's express consent. Namely, with Queen Elizabeth II's aunts Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, and Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent. The former was not a princess by birth, while the latter was born a princess of Greece and Denmark. Both women asked the Queen to use their given names after their husbands' deaths.
There have been several exceptions in recent history to these rules, but all have come by order of the Sovereign, mostly through letters patent.
Title at birthBirthDeathLineageComments
Sophia Dorothea16871757Only daughter of King George IGained title in 1714 upon accession of her father as King George I.
Queen-consort of Prussia 1713–1740.
Anne170917591st daughter of King George IIGained title in 1714 upon accession of her grandfather as King George I. Princess of Orange.
Amelia Sophia Eleanor171117862nd daughter of King George IIGained title in 1714 upon accession of her grandfather as King George I.
Caroline Elizabeth171317573rd daughter of King George IIGained title in 1714 upon accession of her grandfather as King George I.
Mary172317724th daughter of King George IILandgravine of Hesse-Kassel
Louise172417515th daughter of King George IIQueen of Denmark 1746-1751.
Augusta Frederica173718131st daughter of Frederick
& Granddaughter of King George II
Duchess of Brunswick 1780–1806.
Elizabeth Caroline174117592nd daughter of Frederick
& Granddaughter of King George II
Louise Anne174917683rd daughter of Frederick
& Granddaughter of King George II
Caroline Matilda175117754th daughter of Frederick
& Granddaughter of King George II
Queen of Denmark and Norway 1767–1775.
Charlotte Augusta Matilda176618281st daughter of King George IIIHeld the title 'The Princess Charlotte' from birth and formally styled Princess Royal in 1789. Queen of Württemberg 1806–1816.
Augusta Sophia176818402nd daughter of King George III
Elizabeth177018403rd daughter of King George IIILandgravine of Hesse-Homburg
Mary177618574th daughter of King George IIIDuchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh
Sophia Matilda177718485th daughter of King George III
Amelia178318106th daughter of King George III
Sophia Matilda177318441st daughter of Prince William Henry
& Great-Granddaughter of King George II
Granted style of Royal Highness in 1816.
Caroline Augusta Maria177417752nd daughter of Prince William Henry
& Great-Granddaughter of King George II
Charlotte Augusta17961817Only daughter of King George IVDeath in childbirth left Kingdom without direct line heir. Princess of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.
Charlotte Augusta Louisa181918191st daughter of King William IV
Elizabeth Georgiana Adelaide182018212nd daughter of King William IV
Alexandrina Victoria18191901Only daughter of Prince Edward
& Granddaughter of King George III
Succeeded as Queen Victoria, reigned 1837–1901.
Title held until her accession in 1837 as Queen Victoria.
Augusta Caroline Charlotte Elizabeth Mary Sophia Louise18221916Granddaughter of George IIIDaughter of Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge; Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 1860–1904.
Mary Adelaide Wilhemina Elizabeth18331897Granddaughter of George IIIDaughter of Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge; mother of Queen Mary. Duchess of Teck
Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa18401901Daughter of Queen VictoriaHeld the title 'The Princess Victoria' from birth and styled 'The Princess Royal' in 1841.
German Empress and Queen of Prussia 1888 and mother of William II, German Emperor and King of Prussia.
Alice Maud Mary18431878Daughter of Queen VictoriaGrand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine 1877–1878.
Helena Augusta Victoria18461923Daughter of Queen Victoria
Frederica Sophie Marie Henrietta Amelia Theresa18481926Great-granddaughter of George IIITitle from birth until 30 November 1917, daughter of George V of Hanover.
Louise Caroline Alberta18481939Daughter of Queen Victoria
Marie Ernestine Josephine Adolphine Henrietta Theresa Elisabeth Alexandrina18491904Great-granddaughter of George IIIDaughter of George V of Hanover.
Beatrice Mary Victoria Feodore18571944Daughter of Queen VictoriaPrincess Henry of Battenberg
Louise Victoria Alexandra Dagmar18671931Daughter of Edward VIIHeld the title 'Princess Louise of Wales' from birth, 'The Princess Louise' from her father's accession in 1901 and styled 'The Princess Royal' in 1905.
Victoria Alexandra Olga Mary18681935Daughter of Edward VIIHeld the title 'Princess Victoria of Wales' from birth, 'The Princess Victoria' from her father's accession in 1901, held title until death.
Maud Charlotte Mary Victoria18691938Daughter of Edward VIIQueen of Norway 1905–1938.
Marie Alexandra Victoria18751938Granddaughter of Queen VictoriaDaughter of Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh; Queen of Romania 1914–1927.
Victoria Melita18761936Granddaughter of Queen VictoriaDaughter of Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh; Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine 1894–1901; de jure Empress of All Russia 1924-1936.
Alexandra Louise Olga Victoria18781942Granddaughter of Queen VictoriaDaughter of Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh.
Marie Louise Victoria Caroline Amelia Alexandra Augusta Frederica18791948Great-great-granddaughter of George IIITitle from birth until 30 November 1917, daughter of Crown Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover.
Margaret Victoria Charlotte Augusta Norah18821920Granddaughter of Queen VictoriaDaughter of Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn; Crown Princess of Sweden 1907-1920.
Alexandra Marie Louise Olga Elizabeth Theresa Vera18821963Great-great-granddaughter of George IIITitle from birth until 1917, daughter of Crown Prince Ernst Augustus of Hanover.
Alice Mary Victoria Augusta Pauline18831981Granddaughter of Queen VictoriaDaughter of Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany.
Beatrice Leopoldine Victoria18841966Granddaughter of Queen VictoriaDaughter of Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh.
Olga Adelaide Louise Marie Alexandrina Agnes18841958Great-great-granddaughter of George IIITitle from birth until 30 November 1917, daughter of Crown Prince Ernst Augustus of Hanover.
Victoria Patricia Helena Elizabeth18861974Granddaughter of Queen VictoriaTitle held from her birth until 1919 when she relinquished her title and style upon marriage, Daughter of Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn.
Alexandra Victoria Alberta Edwina Louise18911959Granddaughter in female line of Edward VIITitle granted by Letters Patent of 1905, Daughter of Princess Louise, Duchess of Fife.
Maud Alexandra Victoria Georgina Bertha18931945Granddaughter in female line of Edward VIITitle granted by Letters Patent of 1905, ceased use of title after her marriage in 1923 although it was never formally relinquished, daughter of Princess Louise, Duchess of Fife.
Victoria Alexandra Alice Mary18971965Daughter of George VHeld the title 'Princess Mary of York' from birth, 'The Princess Mary' on her father's accession in 1910, and styled 'The Princess Royal' in 1932.
Sibylla Calma Maria Alice Bathildis Feodora19071972Great-granddaughter of VictoriaTitle from birth until 30 November 1917, daughter of Prince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany. Duchess of Västerbotten from 1932 to her death, mother of King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden.
Caroline Matilda Helen Louise Augusta Beatrice19121983Great-granddaughter of VictoriaTitle from birth until 30 November 1917, daughter of Prince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany.
Frederica Louisa Thyra Victoria Margareta Olga Cécilie Isabella Christa19171981Great-great-great-granddaughter of George IIITitle from birth until 30 November 1917, daughter of Ernest Augustus, Prince of Hanover and Duke of Brunswick.
Elizabeth Alexandra Mary1926Daughter of George VIHeld the title 'Princess Elizabeth of York' from birth, 'The Princess Elizabeth' from her father's accession in 1936, until her succession in 1952 as Queen Elizabeth II.
Margaret Rose19302002Daughter of George VIHeld the title 'Princess Margaret of York' from birth, 'The Princess Margaret' from her father's accession in 1936, and 'The Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon' after her marriage, title held title until death.
Alexandra Helen Elizabeth Olga Christabel1936Granddaughter of George VDaughter of Prince George, Duke of Kent.
Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise1950Daughter of Elizabeth IIHeld the title 'Princess Anne of Edinburgh' from birth, 'The Princess Anne' from her mother's accession, and styled 'The Princess Royal' in 1987.
Beatrice Elizabeth Mary1988Granddaughter of Elizabeth IIDaughter of Prince Andrew, Duke of York. After wedding named Mrs Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi.
Eugenie Victoria Helena1990Granddaughter of Elizabeth IIDaughter of Prince Andrew, Duke of York. After wedding named Mrs Jack Brooksbank.
Louise Alice Elizabeth Mary2003Granddaughter of Elizabeth IIDaughter of Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex; styled as an earl's daughter per her parents' wishes and the will of the Queen. .
Charlotte Elizabeth Diana2015Great-granddaughter of Elizabeth IIDaughter of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, holds the title 'Princess Charlotte of Cambridge'.

List of princesses by marriage since 1714

PrincessBirthDeathMarriageHusbandComments
Princess Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach168317371705George, Prince of WalesGained title by accession of her father-in-law as George I in 1714 and held it until her husband's accession as George II in 1727.
Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha171917721736Frederick, Prince of Wales
Maria Walpole173618071766Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh
Anne Horton174218081771Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and StrathearnGained title by her second marriage.
Princess Frederica Charlotte of Prussia176718201791Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany
Duchess Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel176818211795George, Prince of WalesHeld title until her husband's accession as George IV in 1820.
Duchess Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz177818411815Prince Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland and TeviotdaleGained title by her third marriage and held title until her husband's accession as King Ernest Augustus of Hanover in 1837.
Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel179718891818Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge
Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld178618611818Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and StrathearnGained title by her second marriage.
Princess Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen179218491818Prince William, Duke of Clarence and St AndrewsHeld title until her husband's accession as William IV in 1830.
Princess Marie of Saxe-Altenburg181819071843George, Crown Prince of HanoverHeld title until her husband's accession as George V of Hanover in 1851.
Princess Alexandra of Denmark184419251863Albert Edward, Prince of WalesHeld title until her husband's accession as Edward VII in 1901.
Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia185319201874Prince Alfred, Duke of EdinburghHeld title until her husband's accession as Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in 1893.
Princess Thyra of Denmark185319331878Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of HanoverHusband lost British title of Prince in 1917.
Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia186019171879Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont186119221882Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany
Princess Mary of Teck186719531893Prince George, Duke of YorkHeld title until her husband's accession as George V in 1910.
Princess Victoria Adelaide of Schleswig-Holstein188519701905Prince Charles Edward, Duke of AlbanyHusband lost British title of Prince in 1919.
Princess Viktoria Luise of Prussia189219801913Ernest Augustus, Duke of BrunswickHusband lost British title of Prince in 1917. Princess Viktoria Luise was born Princess of Prussia being the only daughter of the German Kaiser Wilhelm II.
Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon190020021923Prince Albert, Duke of YorkHeld title until her husband's accession as George VI in 1936.
Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark190619681934Prince George, Duke of KentPrincess of Greece and Denmark by birth. However, when she was widowed she reverted her title to Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent, styling herself as a princess suo jure in the UK.
Lady Alice Montagu-Douglas-Scott190120041935Prince Henry, Duke of GloucesterWhen she was widowed in 1974 she was granted special permission to style herself as a princess suo jure.
Katharine Worsley19331961Prince Edward, Duke of Kent
Birgitte van Deurs19461972Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester
Baroness Marie Christine von Reibnitz19451978Prince Michael of KentGained title by her second marriage.
Lady Diana Spencer196119971981Charles, Prince of WalesOn marriage she became: Her Royal Highness The Princess of Wales. She lost style of Her Royal Highness upon divorce, and was restyled as "Diana, Princess of Wales". She was also a "Lady" in her own right prior to marriage.
Sarah Ferguson19591986Prince Andrew, Duke of YorkOn marriage she became: Her Royal Highness The Duchess of York. She lost style of Her Royal Highness and her position as a Princess upon divorce, and was restyled as "Sarah, Duchess of York".
Sophie Rhys-Jones19651999Prince Edward, Earl of WessexOn marriage she became: Her Royal Highness The Countess of Wessex and Viscountess Severn.
Camilla Parker Bowles19472005Charles, Prince of WalesBy her second marriage she became: Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Cornwall, Duchess of Rothesay, Countess of Chester. She also holds the title of Princess of Wales but does not use it.
Catherine Middleton19822011Prince William, Duke of CambridgeOn marriage she became: Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Cambridge, Countess of Strathearn and Lady Carrickfergus.
Meghan Markle19812018Prince Harry, Duke of SussexBy her second marriage she became: Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Sussex, Countess of Dumbarton and Lady Kilkeel. She has elected not to use the style of Her Royal Highness.

Common names

Of the above named princesses, there are a great number of shared names: