Botallack was a submarine mine with tunnels extending under the sea, in places for half a mile. Over its recorded lifetime the mine produced around 14,500 tonnes of tin, 20,000 tonnes of copper, and 1,500 tonnes of arsenic. An estimated 1.5 million tonnes of waste would have been dug up with the minerals. It is unclear how far back mining activity goes in this location. Early records date from the 1500s. Some archaeological evidence points to mining here in the Roman era or even as far back as the Bronze Age. Henry Boynes was captain of the mine in the early 18th-century and opened a ″deep adit level,″ which was driven to the Corpus Christi lode in the higher mine. The first steam-engine was put to work at Carnyorth Moor in either 1795 or about 1810, depending on the source. In the first half of the 19th-century, the average price of Botallack tin was £64 4s a ton. The abolition of tin duty of 4s per 120 lbs to the Duke of Cornwall in 1838 helped to keep the mine operating despite a decline in the price of tin to £45 per ton. In the 1860s a new diagonal shaft was dug. A visit by the Prince and Princess of Wales in 1865, when they descended the shaft, created a mini-boom in tourism, causing the mine operators to charge visitors a guinea per person. Increasing suppy of tin – initially from Malaysia, Banka Island, and Sumatra, and in the 1870s onwards from Australia – along with a fall in demand for tinplate in the American market, caused the price of tin to fall, causing many Cornish mines to close. The managers decided in January 1883 to stop the Botallack and Crowns engines, because the number of men employed below ground was not sufficient to meet the costs of keeping the engines going. On 2 October 1883 the recently renewed setts, which extended over – comprising Wheal Cock, the Crowns, Carnyorth and Higher Mine – were put up for auction as a ″going concern.″ It included four pumping and three winding engines, two steam stamps, plus other appliances. At the auction it was stated that the mine ″... only needs from £20,000 to £25,000 to be put in good working order,...″ There were no bids for the mine. The following shafts were working in 1884,
Botallack engine-shaft, deep and worked with a cylinder
Crowns engine-shaft, deep and worked with a cylinder
Wheal Cock engine-shaft, deep and worked with a cylinder
Carnyorth engine-shaft, deep and worked with a cylinder
Wheal Cock skip-shaft, deep
Botallack skip-shaft, deep
Carnyorth skip-shaft, deep
Wheal Hazzard skip-shaft, deep
Chy Cornish skip-shaft, deep
Pearce's skip-shaft, deep
Bullion skip-shaft, deep
Durloe skip-shaft, deep
Rodd's skip-shaft, deep
Boscawen diagonal-shaft, about long, perpendicular depth and under the sea
Approximately ten other shafts varying in depth from a few fathoms to deep.
Other engines,
Botallack stamping-engine, cylinder
Carnyorth stamping-engine, cylinder
Carn whim, cylinder
Davy's whim, cylinder
Carnyorth, cylinder
saw-mill, cylinder
air-compressor, cylinder.
A total of 265 were employed and the monthy wage was approximately £800 per month.
Men
Boys
Girls
Total
Underground
140
20
0
160
Surface, dressing ore
18
20
17
55
Surface, other
45
2
3
50
The average monthly yield of the mine was about 19 tons of tin, 3 tons of copper and 4 tons of arsenic. The mine closed in 1895 as a result of falling tin and copper prices. The mining developments around Botallack form part of the St Just mining district's successful inclusion in the Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage site, which was inscribed in July 2006.
Description
The engine houses in the Crowns section of Botallack Mine are set low down the cliffs north of Botallack. There are two engine houses and the remains of another pair on the cliff slopes above; the mine extends for about 400 metres out under the Atlantic ocean; the deepest shaft is 250 fathoms below sea level. The workings of Botallack Mine extend inland as far as the St Just to St Ives road, and at times included Wheal Cock further to the north-east. The mine buildings on Botallack Cliffs are protected by the National Trust. There are two arsenic works opposite the Botallack Mine count house. At the top of the cliffs there are also the remains of one of the mine's arsenic-refining works. The mineral Botallackite has its type locality here.
Culture
The 1970s BBC television series Poldark was filmed partly in Botallack, using Manor Farm as Nampara. More recently, filming for the new Poldark series also took place here.
