Blaenavon literally means "front of the river" or loosely "river's source" in the Welsh language. Blaenavon grew around an ironworks opened in 1788 by the West Midlands industrialist, Thomas Hill, and his partners, Thomas Hopkins and Benjamin Pratt. The businessmen invested £40,000 into the iron works project and erected three blast furnaces. Hopkins, through operating the Cannock Wood Forge in Rugeley, Staffordshire, was in contact with skilled and experienced ironworkers, and managed to persuade many of them to migrate to Blaenavon to help establish the new iron works. In 1836 Robert William Kennard formed the Blaenavon Coal and Iron Company, which subsequently bought the Blaenavon Ironworks. Blaenavon House, a mansion constructed in 1798 by Thomas Hopkins, was re-purposed as a hospital supported by the subscriptions of local Iron and Coal workers in 1924. In the 1940s, the hospital site was gifted by the then owners of the site, the National Coal Board, to the Ministry of Health and was run as a cottage hospital until 1985. When the hospital closed the building was sold by the local authority and refurbished as a nursing home for the elderly. In 1995 the Building was listed as a Grade 2 Historic Building. The Building was left empty following the closure of the nursing home in 2007 and was badly vandalised and stripped of its lead work, slate Roof and original interiors, the building was placed on the Buildings At Risk register. In 2016, a fire caused severe damage to the ballroom wing and adjoining extension. The House was sold in 2017 to private owners and is currently undergoing restoration as a family home once again.
The town lies near the source of the Afon Lwyd river, north of Cwmbran.
Demography
Following twenty years after the closure of the ironworks in 1900 the population has declined gradually at each ten-year census, including rapidly after closure of the coal mine in 1980; it had however already fallen to 8,451 in 1961. Part of this decline was not emigration but a decrease in birth rate.
Economy
The Blaenavon Coal and Iron Company developed the Big Pit coalworks with adjoining steel works particularly rail manufacture, part of which since 1988 is the museum. The steel-making and coal mining industries followed, boosting the town's population to over 20,000 at one time before 1890.
Culture and community
Government, publishers and mainly Welsh writers sought in 2003 to attract more visitors by introducing Blaenavon as Wales' second "book town". However the project did not succeed. This can be attributed to a combination of the town's remote location and the established competition from Hay. Many thriving community groups serve and improve the town, including Future Blaenavon, which has helped to create a community garden at the bottom of the town.
A railway viaduct was constructed in 1790 - a structure that disappeared and was unearthed in a 2001 episode of the archaeology television programme, Time Team. The Pontypool and Blaenavon Railway is a scenic attraction rich in geological and historical interest. Blaenavon lost both of its passenger railway stations — Blaenavon High Level station closed in 1941; the last train from Blaenavon ran in April 1962. Contrary to an oral tradition, the lower line had already been closed for more than a year before the anti-subsidy Beeching Axe took place. The lower lines passenger service was among many in Gwent were Ministry of Transport de-classified papers reveal were axed due to rail congestion in the Newport area following the newly opened Llanwern steelworks.
Education
Following Samuel Hopkins death in 1815, his sister Sarah Hopkins of Rugeley, who had inherited much money from her late brother, erected Blaenavon Endowed School in his memory.
Religious sites
St Peter's Church was constructed in 1804, gifted to the parish by Thomas Hill and Samuel Hopkins.
Sport
Blaenavon Golf Club was founded in 1906. The club closed in 1937.
Notable people
Notable Broadway and film actor E. E. Clive, award-winning mystery writer Dorothy Simpson, and international rugby union players Mark Taylor, Ken Jones, John Perkins, Chris Huish Terry Cobner were all born in Blaenavon. Nick Thomas-Symonds, elected MP for Torfaen in 2015, was brought up in the town. The artist David Parfitt grew up in Blaenavon. Well-known for his portraits and paintings of the River Thames, the influence of the hybrid rural-industrial Welsh valleys of the 1950s and early 1960s is clear in his early work, and continues to inspire his painting today.
