Binandere language
Binandere is a Papuan language spoken in the "tail" of Papua New Guinea.
Evolution
Below are some reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea proposed by Pawley :| proto-Trans-New Guinea | Binandere |
| *mndu ‘nose’ | mendo |
| *mk ‘milk, sap, breast’ | mu ‘sap’ |
| *mundun ‘internal organs’ | mundu ‘kidney, testicles’ |
| *iti-maŋgV ‘eye’ | -moka ‘eye’ |
| *mV ‘taro’ | |
| *mV- ‘give’ | |
| *elak ‘light, lightning’ | biriga ‘lightning’ |
| *am ‘mother’ | ai, |
| *amu ‘breast’ | ami |
| *ktuma ‘night, morning’ | tumba ‘darkness’ |
| *na ‘1SG’ | na |
| *na- ‘eat’ | na- ‘eat, drink’ |
| *ni ‘bird’ | ni |
| *nVŋg- ‘know, hear, see’ | |
| pMadang-Binandere *nu ‘3SG free pronoun’ | nu |
| *kana ‘stone’ | ganuma |
| *mundun ‘internal organs’ | mundu ‘kidney, testicles’, |
| *mbalaŋ ‘flame’ | beriberi ‘be alight’ |
| *mbalaŋ ‘flame’ | beri-beri ‘be alight’ |
| *mbulikV ‘turn ’ | |
| *mbeŋga-masi ‘orphan’, ‘widow and child’ | |
| *pu + verb ‘to blow’ | Binandere put- ‘blow’ |
| *ambi ‘man’ | embo |
| *kVt ‘head’ | kopuru |
| *tumba ‘short’ | tupo |
| *kambu ‘smoke’ | imbosi |
| *apa ‘father’ | afa |
| *ndaŋgi/ndiŋga ‘tie’ | |
| *m | |
| *kakV ‘ear’ | |
| *inda ‘tree’ | izi |
| *tumba ‘short’ | tupo |
| *k | |
| *kVt ‘head’ | kopuru |
| *iti-maŋgV ‘eye’ | gisi moka |
| *at ‘netbag’ | asi |
| *si ‘urine’ | pBinandere *susu |
| *kasipa ‘to spit’ | kosiwa ‘spittle’ |
| *mbeŋga-masi ‘orphan’ | ‘widow and child’ |
| *kanjipa ‘sun’ | kariga ‘moon’ |
| *iti-maŋgV ‘eye’ | gisi- |
| *iti-maŋgV ‘eye’ | -moka |
| *nVŋg- ‘know, hear, see’ | |
| *mbeŋga-masi ‘orphan’ | ‘widow and child’ |
| *kVt ‘head’ | kopuru |
| *kakV ‘ear’ | |
| *kasipa ‘to spit’ | kosiwa ‘spittle’, kosiwa ari ‘to spit’ |
| *kana ‘stone’ | ganuma |
| *kana ‘stone’ | ganuma |
| *kndVC ‘bone’ | undoru ‘bones’ |
| *kumV- ‘die’ | abu-bugari ‘dead people’, |
| *kambu ‘smoke’ | imbosi |
| *kakV ‘ear’ | |
| *laa ‘ashes’ | -raka ‘fire’ |
| *sikal/*sakil ‘hand, claw’ | |
| *elak ‘light, lightning’ | biriga ‘lightning’ |
| *elak ‘light, lightning’ | birigi |