Bahānds are the traditional folk entertainers of India, Bangladesh, and Nepal. In India and Nepal, the Bahand are now an endogamousMuslim community, which is no longer involved in their traditional occupation of folk entertainment. They include actors, dancers, minstrels, storytellers and impressionists. Payment for performances is usually voluntary: often, one performer goes around the audiencecollecting money on a "pay-what-you-can" basis while the others continue to perform. While most bahands belong to families that are engaged in folk entertainment as their hereditary profession, their specific art forms vary greatly by region, community and language. The term bahand itself can also mean both a specific dramatic story or an entire form/school of drama.
In Uttar Pradesh, the Bahand are an endogamous Muslim community. Their ancestors were employed at the court of the various local rulers as folk entertainers, in particular at the court of the Nawabs of Awadh. Most Bahand in Uttar Pradesh are no longer involved with folk entertainment. What now binds the community is a sense of stigma attached to the community on account of their ancestral occupation. They are now mainly involved in wage labour; many Lucknow city are rickshaw puller. Little is known about the origin of this community, other than that their ancestors were bahands. The community has been granted Other Backward Class status, which gives the community some benefits with regards reservation in public sector jobs. They are Sunni Muslims, and speak Urdu, and rarely dialects of Hindi. The Naqqal sub-group has done better, and now prefer the self-designation Kashmiri Shaikh. They are now a community of successful businessmen.
Bahand Pather is a bahand of the Kashmir region in which stories commemorating the lives of reshis or more contemporary real or fictional figures are enacted. The storylines are often humorous and satirical, and farce is an essential component of the plays.
Naqal of Punjab
Naqal is a strong bahand tradition in the Punjab region. The naqalchi adopts the persona of a well-known person or character and improvises, using satire and farce extensively, to entertain the audience.
The ustad-jamoora format is a popular one in Hindi-speaking regions and involves only two bhand actors. Usually, the storylines consist of the ustadtutoring the jamoora to do or say something, and the jamoora responding with mechanical obedience with a subtle variation thrown in that creates a strong comical or satirical effect.
