Benny Carter


Bennett Lester Carter was an American jazz saxophonist, clarinetist, trumpeter, composer, arranger, and bandleader. With Johnny Hodges, he was a pioneer on the alto saxophone. From the beginning of his career in the 1920s he was a popular arranger, having written charts for Fletcher Henderson's big band that shaped the swing style. He had an unusually long career that lasted into the 1990s. During the 1980s and '90s, he was nominated for eight Grammy Awards, which included receiving a Lifetime Achievement Award.

Career

Born in New York City in 1907, he was given piano lessons by his mother and others in the neighborhood. He played trumpet and experimented briefly with C-melody saxophone before settling on alto saxophone. In the 1920s, he performed with June Clark, Billy Paige, and Earl Hines, then toured as a member of the Wilberforce Collegians led by Horace Henderson.
He appeared on record for the first time in 1927 as a member of the Paradise Ten led by Charlie Johnson. He returned to the Collegians and became their bandleader through 1929, including a performance at the Savoy Ballroom in New York City.
In his early 20s, Carter worked as arranger for Fletcher Henderson after that position was vacated by Don Redman. He had no formal education in arranging, so he learned by trial and error, getting on his knees and looking at the existing charts, "writing the lead trumpet first and the lead saxophone first—which, of course, is the hard way. It was quite some time that I did that before I knew what a score was."
He left Henderson to take Redman's former job as leader of McKinney's Cotton Pickers in Detroit. In 1932 he formed a band in New York City that included Chu Berry, Sid Catlett, Cozy Cole, Bill Coleman, Ben Webster, Dicky Wells, and Teddy Wilson. Carter's arrangements were complex. Among the most significant were "Keep a Song in Your Soul", written for Henderson in 1930, and "Lonesome Nights" and "Symphony in Riffs" from 1933, both of which show Carter's writing for saxophones.
By the early 1930s, Carter and Johnny Hodges were considered the leading alto saxophonists. Carter also became a leading trumpet soloist, having rediscovered the instrument. He recorded extensively on trumpet in the 1930s. Carter's short-lived Orchestra played the Harlem Club in New York but only recorded a handful of records for Columbia, OKeh and Vocalion. The OKeh sides were issued under the name The Chocolate Dandies.
, Louis Armstrong, and Leonard Feather in 1942.
In 1933 Carter participated in sessions with British band leader Spike Hughes, who went to New York City to organize recordings with prominent African American musicians. These 14 sides plus four by Carter's big band, titled at the time Spike Hughes and His Negro Orchestra, were initially only issued in England. The musicians were from Carter's band and included Red Allen, Dicky Wells, Wayman Carver, Coleman Hawkins, J. C. Higginbotham, and Chu Berry.
Carter moved to London and spent two years as arranger for the BBC Big Band. In England, France, and Scandinavia he recorded with local musicians, and he took his band to the Netherlands. In these settings Carter played trumpet, clarinet, piano, alto and tenor saxophone, and provided occasional vocals. In 1938 he returned to America. He found regular work leading his band at the Savoy Ballroom in Harlem through 1941. The band included Shad Collins, Sidney De Paris, Vic Dickenson, and Freddie Webster. After this engagement he led a seven-piece band which included Eddie Barefield, Kenny Clarke, and Dizzy Gillespie.
, New York City, c. October 1946
In the middle 1940s, he made Los Angeles his home, forming another big band, which at times included J. J. Johnson, Max Roach, and Miles Davis. But these would be his last big bands. With the exception of occasional concerts, performing with Jazz at the Philharmonic, and recording, he ceased working as a touring big band bandleader. Los Angeles provided him many opportunities for studio work, and these dominated his time during the decades. He wrote music and arrangements for television and films, such as Stormy Weather in 1943. During the 1950s and '60s, he wrote arrangements for vocalists such as Louis Armstrong, Ray Charles, Ella Fitzgerald, Peggy Lee, and Sarah Vaughan. On something of a comeback in the 1970s, Carter returned to playing saxophone again and toured the Middle East courtesy of the U.S. State Department. He began making annual visits to Europe and Japan.
in 1985.
In 1969, Carter was persuaded to spend a weekend at Princeton University by Morroe Berger, a sociology professor at Princeton who wrote about jazz. This led to a new outlet for Carter's talent: teaching. For the next nine years he visited Princeton five times, most of them brief stays except for one in 1973 when he spent a semester there as a visiting professor. In 1974 Princeton gave him an honorary doctorate. He conducted teaching at workshops and seminars at several other universities and was a visiting lecturer at Harvard for a week in 1987. Morroe Berger wrote Benny Carter – A Life in American Music, a two-volume work about Carter's career.
Time had little effect on Carter's abilities. During the 1980s he wrote the long composition Central City Sketches which was performed at Cooper Union by the American Jazz Orchestra. Another long composition, Glasgow Suite, was performed in Scotland. Lincoln Center commission him to write "Good Vibes" in 1990. The National Endowment for the Arts gave him a grant that led Tales of the Rising Sun Suite and Harlem Renaissance Suite. This music was performed in 1992 when he was 85 years old.
Carter had an unusually long career. He was perhaps the only musician to have recorded in eight different decades. Another characteristic of his career was its versatility as musician, bandleader, arranger, and composer. He helped define the sound of alto saxophone, but he also performed and recorded on soprano saxophone, tenor saxophone, trumpet, trombone, clarinet, and piano. He helped establish a foundation for arranging as far back as 1930 when he arranged "Keep a Song in Your Soul" for Fletcher Henderson's big band. His compositions include the novelty hit "Cow-Cow Boogie" recorded by Ella Mae Morse, and the expansive Central City Sketches, written when he was 80 years old and recorded with the American Jazz Orchestra.
Carter died at the age of 95 in Los Angeles at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center on July 12, 2003 from complications of bronchitis.
On June 25, 2019, The New York Times Magazine listed Benny Carter among hundreds of artists whose material was reportedly destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.

Awards and honors

He was inducted into the Down Beat Jazz Hall of Fame in 1977. In 1978, he was inducted into the Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame. In 1980 he received the Golden Score award of the American Society of Music Arrangers and Composers. His 75th birthday was commemorated by a radio station in New York that played his music nonstop for over a week. The National Endowment for the Arts gave him the NEA Jazz Masters Award for 1986.
He was given a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1987. In 1994 he won a Grammy Award for his solo on "Prelude to a Kiss" and received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
In 1989 Lincoln Center celebrated Carter's 82nd birthday with a set of his songs sung by Ernestine Anderson and Sylvia Syms. In 1990, he was named Jazz Artist of the Year in the Down Beat and JazzTimes polls. He was a Kennedy Center Honoree in 1996 and received honorary doctorates from Princeton, Rutgers, Harvard, and the New England Conservatory of Music. In 2016 the National Museum of American History made Carter the subject of its Jazz Appreciation Month poster.
In 2000, he was given the National Medal of Arts by President Bill Clinton.

Grammy Awards

YearCategoryTitleNotes
1963Best Background Arrangement "Busted"Nomination
1986Best Jazz Instrumental Performance, GroupSwing Reunion Nomination
1987Lifetime Achievement AwardWin
1988Best Instrumental Composition"Central City Sketches "Nomination
1992Best Large Jazz Ensemble PerformanceHarlem RenaissanceNomination
1992Best Instrumental Composition"Harlem Renaissance Suite"Win
1993Best Jazz Instrumental Solo"The More I See You"Nomination
1994Best Instrumental Composition"Elegy in Blue"Nomination
1994Best Jazz Instrumental Performance, Individual Or GroupElegy in BlueNomination
1994Best Jazz Instrumental Solo"Prelude to a Kiss"Win

Discography

Information from AllMusic.com
YearTitleNotesLabel
1952Alone Togetherwith the Oscar Peterson QuintetNorgran
1953CosmopoliteClef
1954Benny Carter Plays Prettyalso released as MoonglowNorgran
1954The Formidable Benny CarterNorgran
1954The Urbane Mr. CarterNorgran
1955New Jazz Soundswith Dizzy Gillespie and Bill HarrisNorgran
1957Urbane Jazzwith Roy EldridgeVerve
1958Jazz GiantContemporary
1958Swingin' the '20swith Earl HinesContemporary
1958The Fabulous Benny Carter BandReissue of 1943 recordingsAudio Lab
1959Plays Cole Porter's Can-Can and Anything GoesUnited Artists
1959Aspectsalso released as The Benny Carter Jazz CalendarUnited Artists
1960Sax ala Carter!United Artists
1961Further DefinitionsImpulse!
1962BBB & Co.with Ben Webster & Barney BigardSwingville
1963Benny Carter in Paris20th Century Fox
1966Additions to Further DefinitionsCD re-released as bonus tracks on Further DefinitionsImpulse!
1976The KingPablo
1976Carter, Gillespie Inc.with Dizzy GillespiePablo
1976WonderlandReleased in 1986Pablo
1977Live and Well in Japan!Pablo Live
1977'Pablo Live
1980Summer SerenadeStoryville
1983Skyline DrivePhontastic
1985A Gentleman and His MusicConcord
1987Billy Eckstine Sings with Benny Carterwith Billy EckstineEmArcy
1987Benny Carter Meets Oscar Petersonwith Oscar PetersonPablo
1987Central City Sketcheswith the American Jazz OrchestraMusicMasters
1988In the Mood for SwingMusicMasters
1989My Kind of TroublePablo
1989Over the RainbowMusicMasters
1990Cookin' at Carlos IMusicMasters
1990Marian McPartland Plays the Benny Carter SongbookConcord Jazz
1990My Man Benny, My Man Philwith Phil WoodsMusicMasters
1991MusicMasters
1992Harlem RenaissanceMusicMasters
1992Legendswith Hank Jones - released 1997MusicMasters
1994Elegy in BlueMusicMasters
1996Benny Carter Songbookwith various vocalistsMusicMasters
1996Another Time, Another Placewith Phil WoodsEvening Star
1997Benny Carter Songbook Volume IIwith various vocalistsMusicMasters
1997New York Nights''MusicMasters

As arranger

As sideman

With Louis Bellson
With Dizzy Gillespie
With Jazz at the Philharmonic
With Peggy Lee
With Dave Pell
With Nancy Wilson