The Bayan Shireh Formation is primarily composed by varicoloured claystones and sandstones with calcareous concretions and characterized by grey mudstones and yellowish-brown medium grained sandstones. Up to thick, the most complete sections are found in the eastern Gobi Desert, consisting offine-grained, often cross-stratified gray sandstoneinterbedded with claystone and concretionary, intraformational conglomerates with relatively thick units of red to brown mudstone in the upper part. The Baynshire and Burkhant localities are mainly composed by mudstone, siltstone, sandstone, and conglomerates, with most of their sedimentation being fluvial. The environments that were present on the Bayan Shireh Formation consisted mainly on semi-arid climates with large water bodies, such as rivers or lakes. Although it is considered to be partially lacustrine, largescale cross-stratification in many of the sandstone layers at the Baynshire locality seem to indicate that a large meandering fluvial system was present. The upper Bayan Shireh Formation is marked by a horizon of large concretions, mudstones and concretionary conglomerate. It has been implied that during the late Bayan Shirehnian times, large rivers with direct connections to the sea drained a prominent part of the eastern Gobi region. While the lower Bayan Shireh is composed by extensive conglomerate that indicates the ancient presence of very active rivers, the upper Bayan Shireh is mainly composed by mudstone and claystone that is interbedded by sandstone, indicating again, the presence of rivers but also lakes and other water bodies.
Stratigraphy
At first, the exact age was uncertain: based on comparisons with other formations, the Bayan Shireh paleofauna seems to correspond best with the Turonian through early Campanian stages of the Late Cretaceous, about 93 to 80 million years ago. However, examination of the magnetostratigraphy of the formation indicates that the entire Bayan Shireh lies within the Cretaceous Long Normal, which lasted only until the end of the Santonian stage, giving a possible Cenomanian through Late Santonian age, between 98.5 and 83.5 million years ago. In 2012, Averianov and Sues re-examined many formations from the Gobi Desert, also the Bayan Shireh Formation. Based on biostratigraphic occurrences and previous dating, the Bayan Shireh Formation was again dated to the Cenomanian-Santonian stages, between 97.8 million and 83.6 million years ago. The upper Bayan Shireh dating to 90.5 million and 83.6 million years ago correlating the Iren Dabasu Formation, and lower Bayan Shireh dating to 97.8 million and 90.5 million years ago. Based on the notorious turtle abundance among dinosaur remains, Danilov et al. 2014 considered the lower beds to be Cenomanian-Early Turonian and the upper beds to be Late Turonian-Santonian in age. The recent redate of the formation, based on calciteU–Pb measurements, has estimated the exact age of the Bayan Shireh Formation from 95.9 ± 6.0 million to 89.6 ± 4.0 million years ago, Cenomanian trough Santonian ages.
Correlations
A potential correlation between the Iren Dabasu Formation has been long suggested by most authors, mainly based on the highly similar vertebrate assemblages. However, Van Itterbeeck et al. 2005 argued against this correlation concluding that instead, the Iren Dabasu Formation was coeval with the younger Nemegt Formation based on the charophyte and ostracode assemblages; therefore, these formations were dated to the Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian. Averianov and Sues found that this correlation was inconsistent since the microfossil assemblages used by Van Itterbeeck and colleagues were not restricted to the Maastrichtian period and the similarities between these assemblages were most probably due to a similar deposition and climate settings. They proposed a correlation between the Bayan Shireh, Iren Dabasu and Bissekty Formations.
Fossil content
In terms of biodiversity, therizinosaurs and turtles were the most abundant vertebrates across the formation, as evidenced on numerous remains. Nevertheless, hadrosauroids were pretty abundant too, particularly at the Baynshire locality with numerous remains unearthed from this area and a new unnamed hadrosauroid. In addition, most specimens of Gobihadroscome from this locality. Also, niche partitioning has been reported within the therizinosauridsErlikosaurus and Segnosaurus, and the ankylosaursTalarurus and Tsagantegia. Mammals however, are extremely uncommon; Tsagandelta is the only mammal described so far. Besides vertebrate fossils, abundant fossil fruits have been collected from the Bor Guvé and Khara Khutul localities and they are especially abundant at Bor Guvé. Although they resemble Abelmoschus esculentus their taxonomic position remains unclear and further examination is required.
