Ballistic Missile Early Warning System


The RCA 474L Ballistic Missile Early Warning System was a United States Air Force Cold War early warning radar, computer, and communications system, for ballistic missile detection. The network of twelve radars, which was constructed beginning in 1958 and became operational in 1961, was built to detect a "mass ballistic missile attack launched on northern approaches 15 to 25 minutes' warning time" also provided Project Space Track satellite data.

Background

The Ballistic Missile Early Warning System was a radar system built by the United States during the Cold War to give early warning of a Soviet intercontinental ballistic missile nuclear strike, to allow time for US bombers to get off the ground and land-based US ICBMs to be launched, to reduce the chances that a preemptive strike could destroy US strategic nuclear forces.
The shortest route for a Soviet ICBM attack on North America is across the North Pole, so the BMEWS facilities were built in the Arctic at Clear Air Force Station in central Alaska, and Site J near Thule Air Force Base, Thule, Greenland. When it became clear in the 1950s that the Soviet Union was developing ICBMs, the US was already building an early-warning radar system in the Arctic, the DEW line, but it was designed to detect bombers and did not have the capability of tracking ICBMs.
The challenges of designing a system which could detect and track a massive strike of hundreds of ICBMs were formidable. The radar sites were located as far north in the Arctic as possible, to give maximum warning time of an attack, however the time between when a Soviet missile would rise above the horizon and be detected and when it would reach its target in the US was only ten to twenty-five minutes.

Equipment

BMEWS consisted of two types of radars and various computer and reporting systems to support them. The first type of radar consisted of very large, fixed rectangular partial-parabolic reflectors with two primary feed points. They produced two fan-shaped microwave beams that allowed them to detect targets across a very wide horizontal front at two narrow vertical angles. These were used to provide wide-front coverage of missiles rising into their radar horizon, and by tracking them at two points as they climbed, enough information to determine their rough trajectory.
The second type of radar was used for fine tracking of selected targets, and consisted of a very large steerable parabolic reflector under a large radome. These radars provided high-resolution angular and ranging information that was fed to a computer for rapid calculation of the probable impact points of the missile warheads. The systems were upgraded several times over their lifetime, replacing the mechanically scanned systems with phased-array radar that could perform both roles at the same time.
BMEWS equipment included:
To predict when parts "might break down", the contractor also installed RCA 501 computers with 32k "high speed memory", 5-76KC 556 bpi 3/4" tape drives, & 200 track random access LFE drums. The initially-replaced portions of BMEWS included the Ent CC&DF by the Burroughs 425L Missile Warning System at the Cheyenne Mountain Complex The original Missile Impact Predictors were replaced, and BMEWS systems were entirely replaced by 2001 after Satellite Early Warning Systems had been deployed.

Early tests

On June 2, 1955, a General Electric AN/FPS-17 "XW-1" radar at Site IX in Turkey that had been expedited was completed by the US in "proximity to the ballistic missile launch test site at Kapustin Yar in the Soviet Union" for tracking Soviet rockets and "to demonstrate the feasibility of advanced Doppler processing, high-power system components, and computerized tracking needed for ".
The first missile tracked was on June 15, and the radar's parabolic reflector was replaced in 1958, and its range was "extended from 1000 to 2000 nautical miles" after the 1957 Gaither Commission identified that because of expected Soviet ICBM development, there would be "little likelihood of SAC's bombers surviving since there was no way to detect an incoming attack until the first warhead landed".
BMEWS' General Operational Requirement 156 was issued on November 7, 1957 and on February 4, 1958; the USAF informed Air Defense Command that BMEWS was an "all-out program" and the "system has been directed by the President, has the same national priority as the ballistic missile and satellite programs and is being placed on the Department of Defense master urgency list." By July 1958 after NORAD manning began, ADC's 1954 blockhouse for the Ent AFB command center had inadequate floor space; and Ent's "requirement for a ballistic missile defense system display facility...brought renewed action...for a new command post".

Planning and development

On January 14, 1958, the US announced its "decision to establish a Ballistic Missile Early Warning System" with Thule to be operational in 1959—total Thule/Clear costs in a May 1958 estimate were ~$800 million The Lincoln Laboratory's radar at Millstone Hill, Massachusetts, was built and provided data to a 1958 for "trajectory estimates", e.g., Cape Canaveral missiles, and an "adjunct high-power UHF test facility employed the Millstone transmitter to stress-test the components that were candidates for the operational BMEWS." A prototype AN/FPS-43 BMEWS radar completed at Trinidad in 1958 went operational on February 4, 1959, the date of an Atlas II B firing from Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 11. On June 30, 1958, "NORAD emphasized that the BMEWS could not be considered as a self-contained entity separate from the Nike Zeus, or vice versa."
On March 18, 1959, the USAF told the BMEWS Project Office to proceed with an interim facility for the "AICBM control center" with an anti-ICBM C3 computer, and the basement of the 1954 ADC blockhouse was considered for the interim center. A "satellite prediction computer" could be added to the planned missile warning center if Cheyenne Mountain's "hardened COC slipped considerably beyond January 1962" In early 1959 for use at Ent in September 1960, a BMEWS display facility with "austere and economical construction with minimum equipment" was planned in an "annex to the current COC building". In late 1959, ARPA opened the 474L System Program Office, and BMEWS' "12th Missile Warning Squadron at Thule…began operating in January 1960." Following a Nike ABM intercept of a test missile, the planned Cheyenne Mountain mission was expanded in August 1960 to "a hardened center from which CINCNORAD would supervise and direct operations against space attack as well as air attack" The 1st Aerospace Surveillance and Control Squadron was activated at Ent AFB on February 14, 1961; and Ent's Federal Building was completed.

Deployment

Clear AFS construction began in August 1958 with 700 workers, and Thule Site J construction began by May 18, 1960, with radar pedestals complete by June 2. Thule testing began on May 16, 1960, IOC was on September 30, and the initial operational radar transmission was in October 1960.
;False alarm: On October 5, 1960, when Khrushchev was in New York, radar returns during moonrise at Thule produced a false alarm
On November 24, 1961, an AT&T operator failure at their Black Forest Microwave Station northeast of Colorado Springs caused a BMEWS communications outage to Ent and Offutt
Training for civilian technicians included a February 1961 RCA class in New Jersey for a Tracking Radar Automatic Monitoring class. The "Clear Msl Early Warning Stn, Nenana, AK" was assigned to Hanscom Field, Massachusetts, by the JCA on April 1, 1961. By May 16, 1961, Ent's "War Room at NORAD" had a glass map for plotting aircraft and had a "map lights up" to show multiple impact ellipses and times "before the huge missile would burst" The Trinidad Test Site transferred from Rome AFB to Patrick AFB on July 1, 1961 and the same month, the 1st Aero began using Ent's Space Detection and Tracking System operation center in building P4's annex The BRCS undersea cable was cut "presumably by fishing trawlers" in September, October, and November 1961 ; and in December 1961, Capt. Joseph P. Kaufman was charged "with giving defense data to... East German Communists."

BMEWS surveillance wing

The 71st Surveillance Wing, Ballistic Missile Early Warning System, was activated on December 6, 1961 at Ent AFB. Syracuse's BMEWS Test Facility at GE's High-Power Radar Laboratory became the responsibility of Rome Air Development Center on April 11, 1962 and on July 31, 1962, NORAD recommended a tracking radar station at Cape Clear to close the BMEWS gap with Thule for low-angle missiles By mid-1962, BMEWS "quick fixes" for ECCM had been installed at Fylingdales Moor, Thule and Cape Clear AK and by June 30, integration of BMEWS and SPADATS at Ent AFB was completed. During the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Moorestown AN/FPS-49 radar on October 24 was "withdrawn from SPADATS and realigned to provide missile surveillance over Cuba." 1962 "strikes and walkouts" delayed Fylingdales' planned completion from March until September 1963 and on November 7, the Pentagon BMEWS display subsytem installation was complete. At the end of 1962, NORAD was "concerned over BMEWS' virtual inability to detect objects beyond a range of 1500 nautical miles." The Moorestown FPS-49 completed a BMEWS "signature analysis program" on scale models by January 1963.

Air Defense Command

Operations transferred from civilian contractors to ADC on January 5, 1962 Fylingdales became operational on September 17, 1963, and Site III transferred to RAF Fighter Command on January 15, 1964. Remaining BMEWS development responsibilities transferred to the "Space Track SPO " when the BMEWS SPO closed on February 14, 1964—e.g., the AN/FPS-92 with "66-inch panels" was added to Clear in 1966, and in 1967, BMEWS modification testing was complete on May 15, when the system cost totaled $1.259 billion. In 1968, Ent's 9th Division HQ had a Spacetrack/BMEWS Maintenance Section.
In 1975, SECDEF told Congress that Clear would be closed when Cobra Dane and the Beale AFB PAVE PAWS became operational. By 1976, BMEWS included IBM 7094, CDC 6000, and Honeywell 800 computers.

USAF Space Command

On October 1, 1979, Thule and Clear transferred to Strategic Air Command when ADCOM was broken up then to Space Command in 1982. By 1981 Cheyenne Mountain had been averaging 6,700 messages per hour compiled via sensor inputs from BMEWS, the JSS, the 416N SLBM "Detection and Warning System, COBRA DANE, and PARCS as well as SEWS and PAVE PAWS" for transmission to the NCA. To replace AN/FSQ-28 predictors, a late 1970s plan for processing returns from MIRVs installed in new Missile Impact Predictor computers was complete by September 1984.