Bald's Leechbook


Bald's Leechbook is an Old English medical text probably compiled in the ninth century, possibly under the influence of Alfred the Great's educational reforms.
It takes its name from a Latin verse colophon at the end of the second book, which begins Bald habet hunc librum Cild quem conscribere iussit, meaning "Bald owns this book which he ordered Cild to compile." The term leechbook is a modernisation of the Old English word lǣce-bōc.
The text survives in only one manuscript, London, British Library Royal . The manuscript contains one further medical text, called Leechbook III, which is also included herein.

Structure and content

Both of the books of Bald's Leechbook are organised in a head-to-foot order, but the first book deals with external maladies and the second with internal disorders. Cameron notes, "this separation of external and internal diseases may be unique in medieval medical texts".
Cameron notes, "in Bald's Leechbook is the only plastic surgery mentioned in Anglo-Saxon records". The recipe in question prescribes surgery for a cleft lip and palate.
Cameron also notes that of the Old English Medical compilations "Leechbook III reflects most closely the medical practice of the Anglo-Saxons while they were still relatively free of Mediterranean influences," in contrast to Bald's Leechbook, which "shows a conscious effort to transfer to Anglo-Saxon practice what one physician considered most useful in native and Mediterranean medicine," and the Lacnunga, which is "a sort of commonplace book with no other apparent aim than to record whatever items of medical interest came to the scribe's attention".
Rev. Oswald Cockayne, editor and translator of an 1865 edition of the Leechbook, made note in his introduction of what he termed 'a Norse element' in the text, and gave, as example, words such as torbegate, rudniolin, ons worm, and Fornets palm.

Cures

One cure for headache was to bind a stalk of crosswort to the head with a red kerchief. Chilblains were treated with a mix of eggs, wine, and fennel root. Agrimony was cited as a cure for male impotence - when boiled in milk, it could excite a man who was "insufficiently virile"; when boiled in Welsh beer, it would have the opposite effect. The remedy for shingles comprised a potion using the bark of 15 trees: aspen, apple, maple, elder, willow, sallow, myrtle, wych elm, oak, blackthorn, birch, olive, dogwood, ash, and quickbeam.
A remedy for aching feet called for leaves of elder, waybroad and mugwort to be pounded together, applied to the feet, then the feet bound. In another, after offering a ritualistic cure for a horse in pain requiring the words "Bless all the works of the Lord of lords" to be inscribed on the handle of a dagger, the author adds that the pain may have been caused by an elf.
In March 2015, the Leechbook made the news when one of its recipes, Bald's eyesalve - which includes garlic, leeks, wine, and the bile from a cow's stomach left in a brass bowl for nine days - was tested as a potential antibiotic treatment against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Contents and provenance of the manuscript

Bald's Leechbook and Leechbook III survive only in the manuscript London, British Library, Royal 12 D. xvii. The manuscript was written by the scribe who entered the batch of annals for 925–55 into the Parker Chronicle. This suggests that Royal 12 D. xvii is likewise from the mid-10th century. Since the annals were probably produced in Winchester, Royal 12 D. xvii was presumably produced there too.
Cockayne, T. O. , 3 vols., London: Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores 35 i–iii, 1864–6 vol. 2.
Leonhardi, Günther. Kleinere angelsächsische Denkmäler I, Bibliothek der angelsächsischen Prosa 6, Kassel, 1905.
Wright, C. E., ed. Bald’s Leechbook: British Museum Royal manuscript 12 D.xvii, with appendix by R. Quirk. Early English Manuscripts in Facsimile 5, Copenhagen : Rosenkilde and Bagger, 1955