The name Bab Ftouh means literally "Gate of the Opening", but historically this name has been interpreted as "Gate of Conquest" or "Gate of Victory". However, the name of this gate is believed to have originated more directly with the name of a Zenataemir who was himself called al-Fetouh and who dominated the early city of Madinat Fas from 1059 to 1061, back when Fes was still divided into two separate cities. He is said to have built the first gate in this area to go by his name. This gate replaced an earlier Idrisid gate called Bab al-Qibla. Al-Fetouh was in rivalry with his brother, 'Ajisa, who controlled the other city, al-'Aliya, on the opposite shore of the river, and who in turn gave his name to the gate known as Bab Guissa. Not long after, in 1069, the twin cities were conquered by the Almoravids and joined into one city with a single set of walls. These were destroyed in 1145 by the Almohad conqueror Abd al-Mu'min but then rebuilt by one of his successors, Muhammad al-Nasir, in 1212. The current gate thus dates back essentially to the Almohad period, when it was one of the gates in the walls rebuilt by Muhammad al-Nasir. The gate was modified and restored in the 17th century by the AlaouitesultanMuhammad ibn Abdallah. Two other gates used to be located not far from it: Bab Khoukha to the northeast and Bab el-Hamra to the southwest. However, both of these disappeared centuries ago, leaving Bab Ftouh as the only main entrance in this part of the city. In the late 16th century the Saadians built a kasbah, called Kasbah Tamdert, just north of the gate and inside the city walls, most likely to help maintain control over what they saw as a hostile local population. Today, the area of Bab Ftouh is also a local transport hub for buses and taxis, with the road east to Taza passing here.
Architecture
Despite restorations, the gate has likely preserved its original Almohad design overall. Unlike many other medieval gates to the city, it does not have a bent entrance but provides a straight passage into the old city. It is, however, fortified on either side by two rectangular towers. It is about 15 meters high, making it one of the city's most massive gates. The gate opens through a large horseshoe or moorish arch, surrounded by a shallow rectangular frame, flanked by smaller arched openings on either side.
Bab Ftouh Cemetery
Outside the gate, covering a large area on the rising slopes to the south, is the Bab Ftouh Cemetery. It is one of the largest and historically most prestigious cemeteries in Fes, housing the graves of many of Fes's famous and wealthy citizens, as well as a number of local Muslim saints and marabouts. On higher ground, at the top edge of the cemetery, is a wide flat space serving as an outdoor prayer area known as the Msalla of the Pasha. The cemetery itself is generally divided into two sections. The western part is known as el-Kbab and includes the domed mausoleums of a number of saints such as Sidi Derras ibn Sma'il. The eastern part is known as Sidi Harazem, after one of the most important local saints buried here: Sidi 'Ali ibn Harazem, a 12th-century Sufi mystic who died in 1164-65. His mausoleum, marked by a green pyramidal roof, is the most prominent structure here. The founder of the Alaouite dynasty, Moulay Rashid, was buried here in the 17th century. The current structure was built by Sultan Mohammed ibn Abdallah in the late 18th century. The tomb Sidi Harazem is still the subject of a popular moussem every spring and his tomb was historically involved in other popular religious rituals and events. Another historic cemetery, Bab al-Hamra Cemetery also exists inside the city walls, to the west of the Bab Ftouh gate.
