Attenuator (electronics)


An attenuator is an electronic device that reduces the power of a signal without appreciably distorting its waveform.
An attenuator is effectively the opposite of an amplifier, though the two work by different methods. While an amplifier provides gain, an attenuator provides loss, or gain less than 1.

Construction and usage

Attenuators are usually passive devices made from simple voltage divider networks. Switching between different resistances forms adjustable stepped attenuators and continuously adjustable ones using potentiometers. For higher frequencies precisely matched low VSWR resistance networks are used.
Fixed attenuators in circuits are used to lower voltage, dissipate power, and to improve impedance matching. In measuring signals, attenuator pads or adapters are used to lower the amplitude of the signal a known amount to enable measurements, or to protect the measuring device from signal levels that might damage it. Attenuators are also used to 'match' impedance by lowering apparent SWR.

Attenuator circuits

Basic circuits used in attenuators are pi pads and T pads. These may be required to be balanced or unbalanced networks depending on whether the line geometry with which they are to be used is balanced or unbalanced. For instance, attenuators used with coaxial lines would be the unbalanced form while attenuators for use with twisted pair are required to be the balanced form.
Four fundamental attenuator circuit diagrams are given in the figures on the left. Since an attenuator circuit consists solely of passive resistor elements, it is both linear and reciprocal. If the circuit is also made symmetrical, then the input and output ports are not distinguished, but by convention the left and right sides of the circuits are referred to as input and output, respectively.
Various tables and calculators are available that provide a means of determining the appropriate resistor values for achieving particular loss values. One of the earliest was published by the NAB in 1960 for losses ranging from 1/2 to 40 dB, for use in 600 ohm circuits.

Attenuator characteristics

Key specifications for attenuators are:
Radio frequency attenuators are typically coaxial in structure with precision connectors as ports and coaxial, micro strip or thin-film internal structure. Above SHF special waveguide structure is required.
Important characteristics are:
The size and shape of the attenuator depends on its ability to dissipate power. RF attenuators are used as loads for and as known attenuation and protective dissipation of power in measuring RF signals.

Audio attenuators

A line-level attenuator in the preamp or a power attenuator after the power amplifier uses electrical resistance to reduce the amplitude of the signal that reaches the speaker, reducing the volume of the output. A line-level attenuator has lower power handling, such as a 1/2-watt potentiometer or voltage divider and controls preamp level signals, whereas a power attenuator has higher power handling capability, such as 10 watts or more, and is used between the power amplifier and the speaker.
This section concerns pi-pads, T-pads and L-pads made entirely from resistors and terminated on each port with a purely real resistance.
Passive, resistive pads and attenuators are bidirectional two-ports, but in this section they will be treated as unidirectional.

Symmetric pi pad resistor calculation

L-Pad for impedance matching resistor calculation

If a source and load are both resistive then a resistive L-pad can be used to match them to each other. As shown, either side of the L-pad can be the source or load, but the Z1 side must be the side with the higher impedance.
Large positive numbers means loss is large. The loss is a monotonic function of the impedance ratio. Higher ratios require higher loss.

Converting T-pad to pi-pad

This is the Y-Δ transform

Converting pi-pad to T-pad

This is the Δ-Y transform

Conversion between two-ports and pads

T-pad to impedance parameters

Impedance parameters to T-pad

Impedance parameters to pi-pad

Pi-pad to admittance parameters

Admittance parameters to pi-pad

General case, determining impedance parameters from requirements

Because the pad is entirely made from resistors, it must have a certain minimum loss to match source and load if they are not equal.
The minimum loss is given by
Although a passive matching two-port can have less loss, if it does it will not be convertible to a resistive attenuator pad.
Once these parameters have been determined, they can be implemented as a T or pi pad as discussed above.