Atlantic hurricane season
The Atlantic hurricane season is the period in a year when hurricanes usually form in the Atlantic Ocean. Tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic are called hurricanes, tropical storms, or tropical depressions. In addition, there have been several storms over the years that have not been fully tropical and are categorized as subtropical depressions and subtropical storms. Even though subtropical storms and subtropical depressions are not technically as strong as tropical cyclones, the damages can still be devastating.
Worldwide, tropical cyclone activity peaks in late summer, when the difference between temperatures aloft and sea surface temperatures is the greatest. However, each particular basin has its own seasonal patterns. On a worldwide scale, May is the least active month, while September is the most active. In the Northern Atlantic Ocean, a distinct hurricane season occurs from June 1 to November 30, sharply peaking from late August through September; the season's climatological peak of activity occurs around September 10 each season. This is the norm, but in 1938, the Atlantic hurricane season started as early as January 3.
Tropical disturbances that reach tropical storm intensity are named from a pre-determined list. On average, 10.1 named storms occur each season, with an average of 5.9 becoming hurricanes and 2.5 becoming major hurricanes. The most active season was 2005, during which 28 tropical cyclones formed, of which a record 15 became hurricanes. The least active season was 1914, with only one known tropical cyclone developing during that year.
The Atlantic hurricane season is a time when most tropical cyclones are expected to develop across the northern Atlantic Ocean. It is currently defined as the time frame from June 1 through November 30, though in the past the season was defined as a shorter time frame. During the season, regular tropical weather outlooks are issued by the National Hurricane Center, and coordination between the Weather Prediction Center and National Hurricane Center occurs for systems which have not formed yet, but could develop during the next three to seven days.
Concept
The basic concept of a hurricane season began during 1935, when dedicated wire circuits known as hurricane circuits began to be set up along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts, a process completed by 1955. It was originally the time frame when the tropics were monitored routinely for tropical cyclone activity, and was originally defined as from June 15 through October 31. Over the years, the beginning date was shifted back to June 1, while the end date was shifted to November 15, before settling at November 30 by 1965. This was when hurricane reconnaissance planes were sent out to fly across the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico on a routine basis to look for potential tropical cyclones, in the years before the continuous weather satellite era. Since regular satellite surveillance began, hurricane hunter aircraft fly only into storm areas which are first spotted by satellite imagery.Operations
During the hurricane season, the National Hurricane Center routinely issues their Tropical Weather Outlook product, which identifies areas of concern within the tropics which could develop into tropical cyclones. If systems occur outside the defined hurricane season, special Tropical Weather Outlooks will be issued. Routine coordination occurs at 1700 UTC each day between the Weather Prediction Center and National Hurricane Center to identify systems for the pressure maps three to seven days into the future within the tropics, and points for existing tropical cyclones six to seven days into the future. Possible tropical cyclones are depicted with a closed isobar, while systems with less certainty to develop are depicted as "spot lows" with no isobar surrounding them.HURDAT
The North Atlantic hurricane database, or HURDAT, is the database for all tropical storms and hurricanes for the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, including those that have made landfall in the United States. The original database of six-hourly positions and intensities were put together in the 1960s in support of the Apollo space program to help provide statistical track forecast guidance. In the intervening years, this database — which is now freely and easily accessible on the Internet from the National Hurricane Center's webpage — has been utilized for a wide variety of uses: climatic change studies, seasonal forecasting, risk assessment for county emergency managers, analysis of potential losses for insurance and business interests, intensity forecasting techniques and verification of official and various model predictions of track and intensity.HURDAT was not designed with all of these uses in mind when it was first put together and not all of them may be appropriate given its original motivation. HURDAT contains numerous systematic as well as some random errors in the database. Additionally, analysis techniques have changed over the years at NHC as their understanding of tropical cyclones has developed, leading to biases in the historical database. Another difficulty in applying the hurricane database to studies concerned with landfalling events is the lack of exact location, time and intensity at hurricane landfall.
Re-analysis project
HURDAT is regularly updated annually to reflect the previous season's activity. The older portion of the database has been regularly revised since 2001. The first time in 2001 led to the addition of tropical cyclone tracks for the years 1851 to 1885. The second time was August 1992 when Hurricane Andrew was upgraded to a Category 5. Recent efforts into uncovering undocumented historical hurricanes in the late 19th and 20th centuries by various researchers have greatly increased our knowledge of these past events. Possible changes for the years 1951 onward are not yet incorporated into the HURDAT database. Because of all of these issues, a re-analysis of the Atlantic hurricane database is being attempted that will be completed in three years.In addition to the groundbreaking work by Partagas, additional analyses, digitization and quality control of the data was carried out by researchers at the NOAA Hurricane Research Division funded by the NOAA Office of Global Programs.
The National Hurricane Center's Best Track Change Committee has approved changes for a few recent cyclones, such as Hurricane Andrew. Official changes to the Atlantic hurricane database are approved by the National Hurricane Center Best Track Change Committee.
1494–1850 (pre-HURDAT era)
1850–1899 (1851–present HURDAT era)
1850s
1860s
1870s
1880s
1890s
1900s
NOTE: In the following tables, all estimates of damage costs are expressed in contemporaneous US dollars.1900s
| Year | Map | Number of tropical storms | Number of hurricanes | Number of major hurricanes | Deaths | Damage USD | Strongest storm | Major landfall hurricanes | Notes |
| 1900 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 8,000+ | $60 million | "Galveston" | • Great Galveston Hurricane of 1900 | The Galveston hurricane was the deadliest disaster in the United States. | |
| 1901 | 12 | 5 | 1 | 10 | $1 million | Seven | |||
| 1902 | 5 | 3 | 0 | - | Unknown | Four | |||
| 1903 | 10 | 7 | 1 | 228 | $1.15 million | Two | • Jamaica Hurricane of 1903 | ||
| 1904 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 87 | $1 million | Two | |||
| 1905 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Unknown | Four | |||
| 1906 | 11 | 6 | 3 | 367 | $2.48 million | Four | • Mississippi Hurricane of 1906 • Florida Keys Hurricane of 1906 | ||
| 1907 | 5 | 0 | 0 | - | Unknown | One | One of two seasons with no recorded hurricanes, with the other being 1914. | ||
| 1908 | 10 | 6 | 1 | - | Unknown | Six | Includes the only known March tropical cyclone in the basin | ||
| 1909 | 11 | 6 | 4 | 4,614 | $75 million | "Grand Isle" | • 1909 Velasco hurricane • 1909 Monterrey hurricane • 1909 Grand Isle hurricane • 1909 Key West Hurricane • 1909 Greater Antilles hurricane | 3 major hurricanes made landfall this year |
1910s
1920s
1930s
1940s
1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
NOTE: In the following tables, all estimates of damage costs are expressed in contemporaneous US dollars.2000s
2010s
2020s
Number of tropical storms and hurricanes per season
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text:^1851^1860^1870^1880^1890^1900^1910^1920^1930^1940^1950^1960^1970^1980^1990^2000^2010
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A 2011 study analyzing one of the main sources of hurricanes - the African easterly wave - found that the change in AEWs is closely linked to increased activity of intense hurricanes in the North Atlantic. The synoptic concurrence of AEWs in driving the dynamics of the Sahel greening also appears to increase tropical cyclogenesis over the North Atlantic.
Number of storms of each strength since the satellite era
Parent topics
- Tropical cyclone
- List of environment topics
- List of tropical cyclones
- Lists of tropical cyclone names
- List of previous tropical cyclone names
- List of historical tropical cyclone names
Atlantic hurricane topics
- Atlantic hurricane
- Accumulated cyclone energy
- List of Atlantic hurricane records
Other tropical cyclone basins
- Pacific hurricane season
- Pacific typhoon season
- North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season
- South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season
- Australian region tropical cyclone season
- South Pacific tropical cyclone season
- South Atlantic tropical cyclone
- Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone