The idea is first recorded in Plato and Aristotle, especially with regard to the succession of memories. Particularly, the model is traced back to the Aristotelian notion that human memory encompasses all mental phenomena and was discussed in detail in the philosopher's work, Memory and Reminiscence. This view was widely embraced until the emergence of British associationism, which began with Thomas Hobbes.
The phrase association of ideas was first used by John Locke. In chapter 33 his An Essay concerning Human understanding titled “Of the Association of Ideas’ he describes the ways that ideas can be connected to each other. He writes “Some of our ideas have a natural correspondence and connexion one with another”. Although he believed that some associations were natural and justified, he believed that others were illogical caused errors in judgment. He further explains that one can associate some ideas together based on their education and culture. “there is another connection of ideas wholly owing to chance or custom”. The term associationism later became more prominent in psychology and the psychologists that used that subscribed to the idea became known as the associationists. Locke's view that the mind and body are two aspects of the same unified phenomenon can be traced back to Aristotle's ideas on the subject.
In his book Treatise on Human Nature David Hume outlines three principles for ideas to be connected to each other, resemblance, continuity in time or place, and cause or effect. He argues that the mind uses these principles to go from one idea into another rather than reason. He writes “When the mind, therefore, passes from the idea or impression of one object to the idea or belief of another, it is not determined by reason, but by certain principles, which associate together the ideas of these objects, and unite them in the imagination.” These connections are formed in the mind by observation and experience. Hume does not believe that any of these associations are “necessary’ in a sense that ideas or object are truly connected, instead he sees them as mental tools used for thinking.
Later Members
Later members of the school developed very specific principles elaborating how associations worked and even a physiological mechanism bearing no resemblance to modern neurophysiology. For a fuller explanation of the intellectual history of associationism and the "Associationist School", see Association of Ideas.
Applications
Associationism is often concerned with middle-level to higher-level mental processes such as learning. For instance, the thesis, antithesis, and synthesis are linked in one's mind through repetition so that they become inextricably associated with one another. Among the earliest experiments that tested the applications of associationism involve Hermann Ebbinghaus' work. He was considered the first experimenter to apply the associationist principles systematically and used himself as subject to study and quantify the relationship between rehearsal and recollection of material. Some of the ideas of the Associationist School also anticipated the principles of conditioning and its use in behavioral psychology. Both classical conditioning and operant conditioning use positive and negative associations as means of conditioning.
