Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights
Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights prohibits torture, and "inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment". There are no exceptions or limitations on this right. This provision usually applies, apart from torture, to cases of severe police violence and poor conditions in detention. The European Court of Human Rights has further held that this provision prohibits the extradition of a person to a foreign state if they are likely to be subjected there to torture. This article has been interpreted as prohibiting a state from extraditing an individual to another state if they are likely to suffer the death penalty. This article does not, however, on its own forbid a state from imposing the death penalty within its own territory.
Applicability
There are no exceptions or limitations on this right. This provision usually applies, apart from torture, to cases of severe police violence and poor conditions in detention. The Court has emphasized the fundamental nature of Article 3 in holding that the prohibition is made in "absolute terms—... irrespective of a victim's conduct".
Torture
In Ireland v. United Kingdom the Court ruled that the five techniques developed by the United Kingdom, as used against fourteen detainees in Northern Ireland by the United Kingdom were "inhuman and degrading" and breached the European Convention on Human Rights, but did not amount to "torture". In Aksoy v. Turkey the Court found Turkey guilty of torture in 1996 in the case of a detainee who was suspended by his arms while his hands were tied behind his back. Selmouni v. France the Court has appeared to be more open to finding states guilty of torture ruling that since the Convention is a "living instrument", treatment which it had previously characterized as inhuman or degrading treatment might in future be regarded as torture. In 2014, after new information was uncovered that showed the decision to use the five techniques in Northern Ireland in 1971-1972 had been taken by British ministers, the Irish Government asked the European Court of Human Rights to review its judgement. In 2018, by six votes to one, the Court declined. The Court has also held that states cannot deport or extradite individuals who might be subjected to torture, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, in the recipient state.
In this case, which ran jointly with the Etxebarria Caballero v. Spain case in 2014, the court held unanimously that there had been "a violation of Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights on account of the lack of an effective investigation into the applicants’ allegations of ill-treatment".
M.C. v. Bulgaria
M.C. v. Bulgaria is a case that was argued before the European Court of Human Rights. In December 2003 the court ruled that a violation Articles 3 and 8 of the Convention had occurred. The case discusses the existence of a positive obligation to punish rape and to investigate rape cases. Judge F. Tulkens expressed a concurring opinion in the case.
