Arlington Baths Club
Arlington Baths Club is a not-for-profit member-run swimming club in Glasgow, housed in a purpose-built Category A Listed Building opened on 1 August 1871.
The Arlington Baths Club was the first swimming club in Glasgow.
The building is in the Charing Cross area and was part of the westward development of the city. Built largely in the traditional tenement idiom, albeit with some extraordinary flourishes such as the famous Charing Cross Mansions, this area quickly attracted the well-off middle class residents who also constituted the membership of the Arlington Baths Club.
The Club was therefore created on the doorstep of its membership, the great majority of whom lived within easy walking distance. From this emerged the traditions of the Club. The membership appeared first thing in the morning before going to work and returned in the evening after work before going home in a regular twice daily ritual.
A replica of Arlington Baths was built soon after in London, whither the drawings of the Arlington were spirited sometime towards the end of the 19th century, never to be seen again. This building was bombed during the Second World War and was never rebuilt. The building of the Arlington Baths coincided with the implementation of the first of the Public Health acts in 1870 and was considered by some to be the precursor to the growth of public bathing in the UK.
The idea however, was anything but new, and goes back to the Roman Baths – on a more modest scale naturally. The bather graduates unhurriedly through a series of rooms offering a choice of experiences from the tepid to the very hot emerging finally into the swimming pool. The experience is both physical and social, as the user moves leisurely from one temperature to the next, so they also move from one conversation to the next. The idea of a relaxed combination of physical exercise and sociability lies at the heart of what the founders of the Club set out to achieve, and it remains the dominant idea behind the Club to this day.
The Building
The original building
The building was originally designed by John Burnet, the father of the better known Sir John James Burnet, and for this reason usually known as Burnet Senior. Burnet seems to have been a reticent man, although a fine architect, and something of that combination of reticence and delicacy can be seen in his original design. This was for the part of the building containing the swimming pool, the Senior and Junior baths and the Senior changing room and smoking room which now forms the northern part of the building.As originally designed by Burnet, the building was single storey and conceived as a kind of theme and variation on the idea of subdivision by twos and threes. Thus the main facade onto Arlington Street was modulated by means of two pavilions, located at either end of the building with the centre marked by arched windows arranged in groups of threes. The effect is that of a restrained and modest Classicism, more rural than urban in its nature, well proportioned and pleasing in an unpretentious way.
To describe the design as Palladian would perhaps be to stretch a point too far – although Palladio did draw his influence from Roman Farm buildings. Nonetheless, Italianate influence is obvious not only in the balance of the elements but also in the use of a "piano nobile" by which the main spaces are built on top of a semi basement level containing smaller spaces servicing the larger accommodation above. One entered the building at the higher level through the arched entrance in the middle of the facade, coming straight out onto the transverse axis of the pool. From this point the emphasis of the building swung through ninety degrees onto the main axis of the pool hall along which the other accommodation was laid out. The hall itself reinforces the symmetry of the building by its imposing rhythm of exposed wooden roof trusses supporting a simple pitched roof lit by strips of glazing.
Burnet's intention was therefore to create a composition organised symmetrically, that is by halves, but relieved by a sub-division by threes. The counterpoint between the rhythm of twos played off against the rhythm of threes gives the building its richness.
Also well worth mentioning was the plenum system used to heat the building. Whether by accident or design, this system, in which heated air is passed through the building by convection via ducts built into the fabric, owes its origins to the Roman hypocaust. It was a system ideal for use in the saturated atmospheres of swimming pools because it encouraged ventilation. It created much comment at the time and featured in contemporary textbooks. The original building is now protected as a category A listed building.
The first extension
Not long after the building was opened, in fact barely before Burnet had time to vacate the site, a Turkish Suite plus ancillary accommodation was added in 1875 by Charles Drake, utilising his pioneering poured concrete construction technique, allowing the membership to increase to six hundred.The Turkish Suite – which lies at the back of the plan and to the south west of the original building, is justly well known. A Glaswegian homage to the Alhambra, consisting of a large square room, heated to high temperatures by plenum with tiled walls and floor and an dome-shaped ceiling studded with small star-shaped windows glazed with coloured glass, sufficient only to light the space dimly. There is also a fountain in the centre, no longer functioning. In an atmosphere of sepulchral calm the bathers recline on benches along the walls sweltering in superheated seclusion. No talking is allowed within the space. The remainder of the Turkish Suite consists of a hot room, cool room, shampooing room and washing room. Originally the washing room connected to the pool via a swim through.
In front of the Turkish Suite, a reading room, shoe hall and entrance hall were added using more traditional building methods. The architect did a workmanlike, and it has to be said, sensible job, in simply copying the details of the original building in terms of window groupings onto his extension; nonetheless, a change in eaves level marked it as a separate construction to the south end of the existing building in the form of a single storey "piano nobile" with service spaces below, it extended the facade of the building southwards across the front of the Turkish suite and created the current grand entrance.
The second extension
By 1893 more space was again needed. Andrew Myles was employed as architect to add billiard and card rooms. This extension added another storey accessed by a grand staircase, which in turn led to a junior billiard room, senior billiard room, card room and other administrative spaces, on the first floor Myles extended the façade up to form an elegant space with exposed roof trusses and glazing at the apex and added a five windowed loggia above the entrance.The third extension
By now, Burnet's simple single storey building must have looked strangely out of sorts, with a two-storey extension attached to the end of it.In 1902 a further increase in membership convinced the Club that a further extension was necessary. Thus order was restored, in some form at least, by the addition of a storey to the street frontage of Burnet's original building. This did not extend the pool hall itself, but simply the bank of rooms which lay between the pool hall and the street.
For this purpose the Club engaged architect number four, by the name of Benjamin Conner, who extended the front wall of the original building directly upwards to create a new larger billiard hall and dressing room now used as a gym – lit by a regular rhythm of single windows. Again exposed timber roof trusses and partial roof glazing are used to good effect in these spaces.
In this way, over four phases and a period of thirty years, the Arlington Baths Club grew by a process of accretion. The result is a haphazard eclecticism which gives it a strangely modern, or, rather, post modern, appeal.
All four phases speak with their own voices, but the result is more of a conversation than an argument. Burnet's original building can still be seen and appreciated; its companions – with the exception of the entrance bay – do treat it with the deference it is due. The subsequent architects did generally take sufficient notice of what was already there to ensure continuity in what followed this is particularly true of the combination of simple well proportioned spaces, exposed roof trusses and excellent levels of daylighting which are something of a standard throughout the building.
Since the work carried out by Conner no further large scale additions have taken place to the fabric of the building. Numerous smaller scale alterations have taken place. Internal alterations carried out during the late 1960s and 1970s in order to comply with fire safety legislation have been particularly damaging to the interior because they destroyed the clear axial relationships which originally tied the various spaces together while in addition, preventing the free circulation of air on which the building fabric relied for adequate ventilation. While the compartmentalisation of the interior may have improve the membership's chances in a fire, the effect on the internal environment as a whole has been disastrous.
The future
The survival of the Arlington Baths and its continued ability to attract new membership in the face of modern competition is a testament to the quality of its building and its builders. The unique achievement of the design has been its ability to foster that elusive quality of "club" which, while it may be difficult to define, is nonetheless sensed and recognised as immediately now as it was when the original building was first built, in 1871. The building is therefore a vital asset to the club.The challenge facing the club now and in the future is how to manage and develop these advantages, which, in the short term, means how to repair the damage done to the interior by compartmentalisation, while simultaneously complying with current safety legislation.
In respect of the interior design, this means a return to the axial linking of spaces combined with the three part arch motif at the junctions of main spaces, as originally conceived, in his clear sighted way, by John Burnet.
These objectives are technically feasible and can be achieved in a way compatible with current safety legislation. They form the core of the ongoing renovation programme with which the Club has been engaged for the past few years. In this the Club acknowledges the invaluable assistance of the Heritage Lottery Fund, Historic Scotland and the Glasgow Development Agency, without which this work would simple have been impossible. With the original full sized pond, and the trapeze juxtaposed with the fully equipped modern gymnasium, the Arlington Baths club provides a blend of exercise and relaxation.