Architecture of Casablanca


The architecture of Casablanca is diverse and historically significant. Casablanca, Morocco's economic capital, has a rich urban history and is home to many notable buildings in a variety of styles. Throughout the 20th century, architecture and urban development in Casablanca evolved in a way that was simultaneously specific to the city's contexts, and consonant with international ideas.

Traditional Moroccan

Casablanca retains many authentic examples of traditional Moroccan architecture, particularly within the city walls of the historic Medina of Ad-Dār Al-Bayḍāʾ. There are a number of aḍriħa including those of Sidi Allal al-Qairawani and Sidi Belyout. Casablanca was one of a number of cities—including Essaouira, Marrakesh, and Rabat—that were revitalized after the earthquake of 1755, by Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah—who Abdallah Laroui called "the architect of modern Morocco." The sultan was known to have used European architects, such as Théodore Cornut and Ahmed el Inglizi, in his projects. The Sqala bastion and the two oldest mosques in the city, the Mosque of the Makhzen and the Walad al-Hamraa Mosque, were built during Sultan Muhammad Ben Abdallah's renovations to the city.
The city's population grew under the protégé system as Europeans settled in the city, and with the migration of Jews from the interior of the country. In 1886, Élisée Reclus described Casablanca as a "European coastal settlement" and "desolate and extremely unhealthy."
In his 1900 map of the city, Dr. identified three main parts: the medina, the mellah, and tnaker. Casablanca hosted a kissaria, fonduqs, and a fresh produce market along the Wadi Bouskoura stream, at what is now the United Nations Square.The medina was largely destroyed in the French bombardment of 1907, though several important buildings remain.

Colonial architecture

The oldest European structure in Casablanca was an abandoned prison allegedly built by the Portuguese, arcades of which now decorate the Arab League Park.
The Church of San Buenaventura was built in the medina by the Spanish community of Casablanca in 1890.
In 1900, Casablanca had four consulates and thirteen vice-consulates, which replaced others in Mazagan, Rabat, and Mogador. Many of these consulates were built along the waterfront to be easily accessible. The first of these was the British consulate, established in 1857. The German consulate, originally built as the Belgian consulate in 1900, became the Omar Ibn Abdelaziz Primary School in 1919.
The original clock tower erected by Charles Martial Joseph Dessigny in 1910 was the first structure built by the French after the bombardment and invasion of Casablanca in 1907.

French Protectorate

Throughout the decades of the French Protectorate, the urban development of Casablanca was "first and foremost driven by economic interests." The city was designed with automotive traffic and eventual industrial complexes—such as the port and railroad lines—in mind.

Prost's plan

Casablanca became a laboratory for the principles of urbanisme d’avant-garde, including a trenchant division and complete disassociation between the medina and the ville européenne. For the colonial administration, the Moroccan medina was at once a breeding ground of disease to be contained, an antiquity of the past with Oriental charm to be preserved, and a refuge for would-be insurgents to be squelched.
Henri Prost, General Lyautey's handpicked urban planner, designed the ville européenne or ville nouvelle of Casablanca as a new town.
The plan was radio-concentric, like Paris. The main streets radiated southeast from the port, the medina, and the Souq Kbir which became Place de France and is now United Nations Square. This square linked the medina, the mellah, and the ville européenne.
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Hippolyte Joseph Delaporte designed the first two major buildings to mark the square: the Paris-Maroc stores and the Moorish revival Hotel Excelsior. The former represented the colonial power's conquest of Morocco and commerce in Morocco, and Claude Farrère said of the latter that "meetings of stock exchange, finance, and commerce took place exclusively in the four cafés surrounding it."The Central Market by Pierre Bousquet was built at the site of the Casablanca Fair of 1915.
Hubous
In 1916, four years after the official establishment of the French protectorate, Prost and his team decided to build a "nouvele ville indigène"—now known as the Hubous—a new medina near the sultan's palace to the east of the new center. The planners attempted to blend features of a traditional Moroccan city with modern standards of sanitation and urban planning.
Bousbir
In the 1920s, the colonial administration created a quartier réservé south of the Hubous that came to be known as Bousbir. It was inspired by the Yoshiwara in Tokyo and operated by a private company called La Cressonière. Albert Laprade first set up a rectangular with an orthogonal street layout, while and Edmond Brion manipulated traditional Moroccan forms employed in the Hubous. It was a walled-off enclosure containing 175 residences, 8 cafés, and a dispensary, with regulated movement uniquely through a guarded gate. Up to 700 women—Muslims and Jews—lived in this veritable "prison." The colonists marketed the quartier réservé to tourists with Orientalist imagery until it was shut down in 1954.

Art Nouveau, Art Deco, and Neo-Moorish

In addition to Henri Prost, Albert Laprade,,, and Edmond Brion were some of the early planners and architects of the city.
The former administrative square, now Muhammad V Square, is surrounded by buildings in a style called Neo-Moorish, which combines Mauro-Andalusi and Art Deco architecture. One of the first buildings to employ this style was Hotel Excelsior, built 1912–1914. It was also used in the Old Abattoirs, an industrial slaughterhouse renovated by Prost in 1922. Neo-Moorish elements were also present in private palaces and residences such as the Glaoui Building.
A patent style was often used in colonial administrative buildings, such as Wilaya Building and Mahkamat al-Pasha in the Hubous, with whitewashed lime plaster and green roof tiles.
The Arab League Park is the city's largest public park. On its edge is the Sacred Heart Church of Casablanca. It is no longer in use for religious purposes, but it is open to visitors and is a splendid example of Neo-Gothic architecture.The French government described Casablanca as a "laboratory of urbanism." Morocco's permanent delegation to UNESCO submitted a nomination file to get Casablanca's 20th century architecture classified as a World Heritage Site. Casamémoire is an organization that has been working to protect and promote this architectural heritage since 1995.

Modernism and Brutalism

Ecochard's Plan

, director of urban development from 1946–1953, changed Casablanca's urban plan from Prost's radio-concentric system to a linear system, with expanded industrial zones stretching east through Aïn Sebaâ toward Fedala. There was a focus on managing the city's rapid, rural exodus-driven urbanization through the development of social housing projects.

GAMMA

At the 1953 Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne, ATBAT-Afrique—the Africa branch of Atelier des Bâtisseurs founded in 1947 by figures including Le Corbusier, Vladimir Bodiansky, and André Wogenscky—prepared a study of Casablanca's bidonvilles entitled "Habitat for the Greatest Number." Georges Candilis and Michel Ecochard, the presenters, argued against the doctrine that architects must consider local culture and climate in their designs. This generated great debate among modernist architects around the world and eventually provoked a schism.
Ecochard's collective of Modernist architects was called Groupe des Architectes Modernes Marocains, and initially included the architects George Candillis, Alexis Josic and Shadrach Woods. In the early 1950s, Écochard commissioned GAMMA to design housing that provided a "culturally specific living tissue" for laborers and migrants from the countryside. Sémiramis, Nid d’Abeille, and Carrières Centrales were some of the first examples of this Vernacular Modernism. This was the first time the French Protectorate built housing for the colonized rather than the colonizers, and it did so to suppress the Moroccan Nationalist Movement, particularly after the 1952 protests following the assassination of the labor unionist Farhat Hached, which were centered in the bidonville of Carrières Centrales. Ecochard's 8x8 meter model, designed to address Casablanca's issues with overpopulation and rural exodus, was pioneering in the architecture of collective housing.
Elie Azagury, the first Moroccan modernist architect, led GAMMA after Morocco regained its independence in 1956. Azagury—young, controversial, and an outspoken Communist—was active in Hay Hassani designing cités, modular public housing units, that combined elements of modern and vernacular architecture taking local culture and lifestyles into account.
, a private villa in Anfa Superieur.
He and colleagues such as Jean-François Zevaco were also involved in designing experimental private villas in neighborhoods in western Casablanca such as Anfa and Ain Diab with inspiration from Richard Neutra and Oscar Niemeyer. Villa Suissa, Villa Benkirane, Villa Camembert and Villa Azagury are examples.
This generation of independence architects were inspired by the schools of Le Corbusier, Richard Neutra, Walter Gropius, Oscar Niemeyer, and others. Their architecture—and the work of Jean-François Zevaco in particular—was experimental, as evidenced in constructions such as the Vincent Timsit Workshops or the Sunna Mosque.

Schools

As access to education was tightly controlled under the French Protectorate, the educational system in Morocco became a focal point. Michel Ragon noted that only half of the Moroccan population had access to formal education, and so many new schools were built. Their architecture reflected a reëxaminaiton of the constitution of school campuses and classrooms. Zevaco built schools in Brutalist style, such as the Théophile Gautier School and the Tit Mellil Rehabilitation Center. Azagury, too, innovated in his designs for the Longchamp School and the Roches Noires School, experimenting with patios and reëxamining the traditional layout of a classroom. He also drew on his experiences in Europe and experimented with contrast in materials and lighting.
France persisted in its cultural involvement in Morocco through the Mission universitaire et culturelle française au Maroc, which built the Ernest Renan School and the Bizet School, as well as public schools such as the Racine School, and the Sidi Othman School.

Public facilities

As the economy transformed, industrial buildings, such as the Postal Sorting Center at Mohamed Diouri Square and the Sidi Othmane Wholesale Market of Abdeslam Faraoui and Patrice de Mazières, were constructed according to new Brutalist principles of minimalism and efficiency.
Mourad Ben Embarek designed the Mohammed V International Airport and the Atlas Tower.
Under Hassan II, Casablanca went through two major "neo-Haussmanian" projects: the Hassan II Mosque and the Royal Avenue project.

Neoliberal architecture

Koenraad Bogaert discusses recent urban projects in Casablanca in their relationship to the politics of Neoliberalism. Villes Sans Bidonvilles is a UN-Habitat program established in the aftermath of the 2003 Casablanca bombings for the resettlement of slum-dwellers. It works with organizations such as Al Omrane, Idmaj Sakan, Dyar Al Mansour, and the Agence Urbaine de Casablanca.
Casa Marina, Anfa Park, and Casanearshore, are business parks for offshoring.
The neighborhood of the former Casablanca–Anfa Airport transformed into Casablanca Finance City, part of a 2010 economic initiative oriented toward sub-Saharan African nations. Morphosis Architects designed the Casablanca Finance City Tower, with its textured aluminum facade. The French architecture firm is involved in this project as well as the Zenata "eco cité".

Notable buildings and structures

Government and municipal

As the economic capital of Morocco, Casablanca is home to many government and municipal buildings. These buildings include but are not limited to:
Casablanca is home to many religious buildings as part of its diverse heritage.

Synagogues

Casablanca is home to a number of academic institutions, including:
, by Yasser Khalil Studio and ABDR, completed in 2018 on the right, and the colonial era station on the left.

Transportation

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Residential buildings

Apartment buildings

is an organization dedicated to the promotion and protection of Casablanca's architectural heritage.
MAMMA. is dedicated to the appreciation and protection of Casablanca's Modernist and Brutalist architecture.