Although several sources appear to have considered 'Arash' to be the origin of the name 'Arshak', the name of the Parthian dynasty derives from a Parthian or Eastern Iranian equivalent of 'Ardashir', i.e. 'Artaxerxes', specifically Artaxerxes II, from whom the Arsacids claimed descent. As is typical for names from oral tradition, there are numerous variations of 'Arash'. In the Avesta the name appears as 'Erekhsha' "of the swift arrow, having the swiftest arrow among the Iranians". This Avestan-language form continues in Zoroastrian Middle Persian as 'Erash', from which the anglicized 'Eruch' derives. New Persian and Arabic forms include 'Erash' and 'Irash' in al-Tabari and ibn al-Atir; Aarashshebatir in al-Tabari; 'Arash' in al-Talebi; 'Aarash' in Maqdesi, Balami, Mojmal, Marasi, al-Biruni, and in the Vis o Ramin of Gorgani. Names with a stock epithet representing the Avestan "swift arrow" include al-Tabari's 'Aarashshebatir' and Mojmal's 'Arash-e Shewatir'. A surname form includes 'Arash/Aarash kaman-gir' "Arash, bow-expert."
Summary
The basic story of the bowman runs as follows: In a war between the Iranians and Turanians over the "royal glory", the Turanian general Afrasiab has surrounded the forces of the righteous Manuchehr, and the two sides agree to make peace. Both reach an agreement that whatever land falls within the range of a bow-shot shall be returned to the Manuchehr and the Iranians, and the rest should then fall to Afrasiab and the Aniranians. An angel instructs Manuchehr to construct a special bow and arrow, and Arash is asked to be the archer. Arash then fires the specially-prepared arrow at dawn, which then traveled a great distance before finally landing and so marking the future border between the Iranians and the Aniranians. In Talebi and Bal'ami, Arash is destroyed by the shot and disappears. In al-Tabari, he is exalted by the people, is appointed commander of the archers and lives out his life in great honor. The distance the arrow travels varies: in one, it is a thousand leagues, and in another, forty days' walk. In several, the arrow traveled from dawn to noon; in others, from dawn until sunset. A few sources specify a particular date for the event. The Middle PersianMah i Frawardin notes the 6th day of the 1st month ; later sources associate the event with the name-day festivities of Tiregan "presumably" provoked by the homonymity with the YazataTir or tir "arrow." The location from which Arash fired his arrow varies as well. In the Avesta, it is Airyo.khshaotha, an unidentified location in the Middle Clime. Islamic-era sources typically place the location of the shot somewhere just south of the Caspian Sea, variously in Tabaristan and ; Amol fortress ; Mount Damavand or Sari. The place the arrow landed is variously identified as 'Mount Khvanvant' in the Avesta ; a river in Balkh ; east of Balkh ; Bactria/Tokharistan ; the banks of the Oxus River or Merv. According to al-Biruni, it hit a walnut tree between "Fargana" and Tabaristan "in the furthest reaches of Greater Khorasan| Khorasan." The name Arash remains a popular name among Iranians.
Modern legend
, an Iranian poet, wrote the long poem of Arash the Archer in 1959. This epic narrative, based on the ancient Persian myth, depicts Arash's heroic sacrifice to liberate his country from foreign domination. Bahram Beyzai wrote Āraš, which opened in 1977, as a response to Āraš-e kamāngīr. Neither a short story nor a play, Beyzai's Āraš was staged a number of times around the world, most notably at the Annenberg Auditorium at Stanford University, in July 2013.
