Apremilast, sold under the brand name Otezla among others, is a medication for the treatment of certain types of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. It may also be useful for other immune system related inflammatory diseases. The drug acts as a selective inhibitor of the enzyme phosphodiesterase 4 and inhibits spontaneous production of TNF-alpha from human rheumatoid synovial cells. It is taken by mouth.
Medical uses
Apremilast is indicated in the United States for the treatment of adults with active psoriatic arthritis, the treatment of people with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis who are candidates for phototherapy or systemic therapy, and the treatment of adults with oral ulcers associated with Behçet's Disease. In the European Union, Apremilast alone or in combination with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, is indicated for the treatment of active psoriatic arthritis in adults who have had an inadequate response or who have been intolerant to a prior DMARD therapy. It is also indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis in adults who failed to respond to or who have a contraindication to, or are intolerant to other systemic therapy including cyclosporine, methotrexate or psoralen and ultraviolet-A light.
Contraindications
In the European Union, the drug is contraindicated during pregnancy because mice and monkeys receiving very high doses of apremilast have been observed to suffer miscarriages and other pregnancy problems. In the U.S., it may be used for pregnant women "if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus".
Adverse effects
Diarrhea and vomiting
Diarrhea occurs in about 25% of people taking apremilast. Severe gastrointestinal symptoms, when they occur, typically start within the first few weeks of treatment.
Psychological
Worsening depression, suicidal thoughts, and other mood changes may occur with apremilast.
Weight loss
Weight loss: Weight loss has been associated with apremilast. Reports from clinical studies indicated a 5 to 10% decrease in body weight in 10% of patients taking apremilast.
Concurrent use of strong cytochrome P450 enzyme inducers has been shown to decrease exposure of apremilast and can result in reduced or loss of efficacy of apremilast. It is not recommended to use simultaneously with strong P450 enzyme inducers, including rifampicin, phenobarbital, carbamazepine, phenytoin, and St. John's Wort.
Pharmacology
Mechanism of action
Apremilast is a small molecule inhibitor of PDE4, an enzyme that breaks downcyclic adenosine monophosphate. In inflammatory cells, PDE4 is the dominant enzyme responsible for this reaction. The resulting increase in cAMP levels down-regulates expression of a number of pro-inflammatory factors like tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 17, interleukin 23, and many others, and up-regulates the anti-inflammatory interleukin 10. In ex vivo models of arthritis, IL-12/IL-23p40 was specifically identified as a downstream target of apremilast. The importance of these individual factors for the clinical effect of apremilast is not clear.
Pharmacokinetics
Apremilast is absorbed from the gut well and independently of food intake, and reaches peak blood plasma concentrations after 2.5 hours. Plasma protein binding is 68%. It is metabolised in the liver, mainly via the enzyme CYP3A4, but to a minor extent via CYP1A2 and CYP2A6. The main metabolite is O-desmethylapremilast glucuronide. The half-life is 6–9 hours. The substance is eliminated through the kidney and feces, mainly in form of its metabolites. Only 3% of the original substance are found in the urine, and 7% in the feces.
Chemistry
Apremilast is a phthalimide derivative. It is a white to pale yellow, non-hygroscopic powder that is practically insoluble in water and buffer solutions in a wide pH range, but is soluble in lipophilic solvents such as acetone, acetonitrile, butanone, dichloromethane, and tetrahydrofuran. In vitro, apremilast reduces PDE4 activity leading to an increase in cyclic-adenosine monophosphate concentrations in immune and non-immune cell types, partially inhibiting the production of many pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IFN-γ IL-2, IL-12 and IL-23 and elevating the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. The inhibition potency of apremilast in TNF-α production is similar to lenalidomide. Celgene reported seven kinds of crystal form A, B, C, D, E, F, and G and thought the crystal form B was the most thermodynamically stable anhydrous form. However, Utopharm reported another more thermodynamically stable anhydrous crystal form II than the crystal form B.
Accessibility
Otezla is available in the U.S., but is dispensed only through a network of specialty pharmacies. The estimated wholesale price is $22,500 for a year of treatment. In Austria, the drug is available in all pharmacies, and a year of treatment costs health insurances about €11,000.
History
Apremilast was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2014, for treatment of adults with active psoriatic arthritis and moderate to severe plaque psoriasis, and approved in 2019, for oral ulcers associated with Behçet's disease. Apremilast is taken by mouth. Apremilast was approved for use in the European Union in January 2015. In 2019, Amgen acquired Otezla from Celgene for.
