Anti literacy laws in many slave states before and during the American Civil War, affected slaves, freedmen, and in some cases all people of color. Some laws arose from concerns that literate slaves could forge the documents required to escape to a free state. According to William M. Banks, "Many slaves who learned to write did indeed achieve freedom by this method. The wanted posters for runaways often mentioned whether the escapee could write." Anti-literacy laws also arose from fears of slave insurrection, particularly around the time of abolitionist David Walker's 1829 publication of Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, which openly advocated rebellion, and Nat Turner's slave rebellion of 1831. The United States is the only country known to have had anti-literacy laws.
State anti-literacy laws
Between 1740 and 1834 Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North and South Carolina, and Virginia all passed anti-literacy laws. South Carolina prohibited teaching slaves to read and write, punishable by a fine of 100 pounds and six months in prison, via an amendment to its 1739 Negro Act. A website titled "Fight Municipal Court Abuse includes the following in its list of significant anti-black laws:
1819, Missouri: Prohibited assembling or teaching slaves to read or write
1829, Georgia: Prohibited teaching blacks to read, punished by fine and imprisonment
1832, Alabama and Virginia: Prohibited whites from teaching blacks to read or write, punished by fines and floggings
1833, Georgia: Prohibited blacks from working in reading or writing jobs, and prohibited teaching blacks, punished by fines and whippings
1847, Missouri: Prohibited teaching blacks to read or write
A 19th-century Virginia law specified: "very assemblage of negroes for the purpose of instruction in reading or writing, or in the night time for any purpose, shall be an unlawful assembly. Any justice may issue his warrant to any office or other person, requiring him to enter any place where such assemblage may be, and seize any negro therein; and he, or any other justice, may order such negro to be punished with stripes." In North Carolina, black people who disobeyed the law were sentenced to whipping while whites received a fine and/or jail time. Restrictions on the education of black students were not limited to the South. While teaching blacks in the North was not illegal, many Northern states, counties, and cities barred black students from public schools. What few schools there were for black students were projects funded by donations from Quakers and other philanthropists. The attempt in 1831 to open a college for black students in New Haven was met with such overwhelming local resistance that the project was almost immediately abandoned. Private schools in New Hampshire and Connecticut that attempted to educate black and white students together were destroyed by mobs.
Resistance
Educators in the South found ways to both circumvent and challenge the law. John Berry Meachum, for example, moved his school out of St. Louis, Missouri when that state passed an anti-literacy law in 1847, and re-established it as the Floating Freedom School on a steamship on the Mississippi River, which was beyond the reach of Missouri state law. After she was arrested, tried, and served a month in prison for educating free black children in Norfolk, Virginia, Margaret Crittendon Douglas wrote a book on her experiences, which helped draw national attention to the anti-literacy laws. In some cases, slaveholders ignored the laws. They looked the other way when their children played school and taught their slave playmates how to read and write. Some slaveholders saw the economic benefit in having literate slaves who could undertake business transactions and keep accounts. Others believed that slaves should be sufficiently literate to read the Bible.
