Amistad Dam
Amistad Dam is a major embankment dam across the Rio Grande between Texas, United States, and Coahuila, Mexico. Built to provide irrigation water storage, flood control, and hydropower generation, it is the largest dam along the international boundary reach of the Rio Grande. The dam is over long, lies mostly on the Mexican side of the border, and forms Amistad Reservoir. It supplies water for irrigation in the Rio Grande Valley, upstream of the Rio Grande's mouth on the Gulf of Mexico at Brownsville, Texas/Matamoros, Tamaulipas.
The dam is owned and operated by the International Boundary and Water Commission, and also facilitates the Amistad Dam Port of Entry. Amistad is derived from the Spanish word for "friendship", representing the two nations' cooperation on the dam.
History
Because of the Rio Grande's frequent floods and droughts, the sharing of its water between the US and Mexico has been a contentious issue since the 1800s. The 1906 Treaty for Equitable Distribution of the Waters of the Rio Grande enabled the construction of Elephant Butte Dam, the first major Rio Grande dam, in New Mexico. While this benefited water users along the middle Rio Grande, it did little to help the lower Rio Grande Valley, where water flows remained uncontrolled. The 1944 Treaty relating to the utilization of waters of the Colorado and Tijuana Rivers and of the Rio Grande authorized the IBWC to build dams on the uncontrolled border segment of the Rio Grande. The first dam to be completed under the treaty was Falcon Dam in 1953.After the Rio Grande flooded massively in 1954, with a peak flow of recorded at Del Rio, planners realized that a much larger dam would be needed to control the river and two unregulated tributaries, the Pecos and Devils Rivers. The proposed site for the larger dam was about a mile below the confluence of the Devils River and upstream of Del Rio. During the initial planning stage, it was known as "Diablo Reservoir", a nod to the name of Devils River. The final design was approved by the two governments as Minute 207, and authorized by an act of U.S. Congress on July 7, 1960. Work at the dam site began in August 1963 with foundation drilling and grouting in the river bed to support the future concrete section of the dam. Actual construction of the dam itself began in January 1965 and water was first impounded in 1968. U.S. president Richard Nixon and Mexican president Gustavo Díaz Ordaz dedicated the dam in 1969.
The construction of the dam required the relocation of of the Southern Pacific Railroad tracks, of highways, and two bridges. When the reservoir filled, it inundated ancient rock art left by Native Americans who once lived in the areas. More than 170 archaeological sites were cataloged during salvage operations between 1958 and 1969, a difficult undertaking due to the arid and remote conditions of the area.
The hydroelectric power plants were added later, with the US plant completed in 1983 and the Mexican plant in 1987. Of the dam's roughly US$125 million cost, the US paid about 57% and Mexico 43%, in accordance with the division of water storage rights in the reservoir.
In 1993, the dam was determined to be silting up at the rate of per year, about 31% greater than had been expected at the time of construction.
Specifications
Dam and spillways
The dam has a total length of, almost 6 miles, of which are in Mexico and in the United States. The center section at the Rio Grande is a concrete gravity dam long, with the remainder being earthen embankment. In total, the dam contains 13.5 million cubic yards of earth, 1.8 million cubic yards of concrete, 1.76 million cubic yards of riprap, and 12,500 tons of steel. The maximum height above the riverbed is, and the elevation at the dam crest is above sea level. The roadway along the dam crest is wide.The embankments are protected on both sides by riprap to reduce erosion. The riprap is thick on the upstream side and thick on the downstream side. Because the dam is founded on karstic limestone of the Georgetown formation, a very deep grout curtain was extended underground to block seepage and the risk of dam failure by internal erosion. Despite this, more than 30 sinkholes have been discovered near the upstream side of the dam and seepage rates have been recorded at over, which may be much higher due to unmeasured seepage on the Mexican side of the dam. However, because the water is traveling through bedrock and not the dam itself, this poses little threat to the dam's structural stability. During extreme flood events, however, this may still be a cause for concern.
Flood waters are released through a concrete ogee crest spillway with 16 tainter gates. The gates measure and can spill up to. The spillway empties into a stilling basin long, designed to dissipate erosion.
Water supply and flood control
The Amistad reservoir covers at normal water levels of above sea level. It is one of the largest lakes in the Rio Grande system by both surface area and volume. Of the reservoir's capacity, 61% is dedicated to water conservation and sediment control, 32% to flood control, and 7% to surcharge. At the top of the flood control pool, the reservoir is and at the top of the surcharge pool it is. The lowest lake elevation at which water can be released is, or below normal levels. At the top of the conservation pool, the reservoir extends up the Rio Grande, up the Devils River, and up the Pecos River. It has a shoreline of, of which are in the US and are in Mexico.and U.S. Route 90 bridges on Amistad Reservoir
About 56.2% of the water released from Amistad Dam is allocated to the United States, and 43.8% to Mexico. The IBWC determines the fraction of water stored in Amistad Reservoir belonging to either country on a biweekly basis, based on this allocation. The reservoir levels fluctuate greatly due to the region's highly variable annual precipitation as well as heavy water use. The record high level was on September 22, 1974. It reached a record low level of on May 23, 2013, or below normal levels, after several consecutive years of drought.
The average annual inflow to Amistad Reservoir is about. Although the majority – about 70% – of the inflows to Amistad Reservoir comes from the Rio Grande, Devils, and Pecos Rivers, about 30% is from local springs. Inflows typically peak between August and October due to monsoon storms and hurricanes that strike the Gulf Coast. Flood flows caused by hurricanes are short-lived, but can be extreme, with a maximum of more than in late September, 1974. Dam operators held the outflow from Amistad Dam at about, sparing a large part of the Rio Grande Valley from flooding.
Because of diversions of the Rio Grande in the upriver U.S. states of Colorado and New Mexico, the Rio Conchos actually provides the majority of the water flowing from the Rio Grande into the lake. Increasing water use in upriver communities has caused a steady decline in Rio Grande flows throughout the 20th and 21st centuries and has led to concerns about future water levels and supplies at Amistad.
Power generation
The dam has two hydroelectric power stations, one on either side of the border, with a capacity of 66 megawatts each. The maximum hydraulic head is, with a minimum of required to run the plants. The four generators have a capacity of 33 MW each and are powered by a 42,300-hp Francis turbine. The maximum combined water flow through the power plants is.In 2009, the Amistad Dam plants produced a total of 296,734,000 kilowatt hours.
Border crossing
The Amistad Dam Port of Entry was built when Amistad Dam was completed in 1969. The Dam was a bi-national effort to establish flood control on the Rio Grande and provide sources of water. Although US Department of Transportation statistics combine traffic counts with Del Rio Texas Port of Entry, approximately 65,000 vehicles crossed the dam into the US in 2005.The border station was rebuilt by the US Army Corps of Engineers in 2012.