Amauroderma


Amauroderma is a genus of polypore fungi in the family Ganodermataceae. The genus, widespread in tropical areas, contains about 70 species. Amauroderma fungi are wood-decay fungi that feed and fruit on decayed branches and trunks.
The fruit bodies of Amauroderma fungi comprise a cap and a stipe, and are typically woody, leathery, or corky in texture. The spores produced are usually spherical or nearly so, with a characteristic double wall structure that features U-shaped thickenings.

Taxonomy

Amauroderma was circumscribed by American mycologist William Alphonso Murrill in 1905. He set Amauroderma regulicolor, collected from Cuba, as the type species. The name Amauroderma had been used previously by Narcisse Patouillard, when he proposed that Ganoderma be divided into the sections Ganoderma and Amauroderma. Patouillard described the characteristics of section Amauroderma as follows: "Spores globose or subglobose, devoid of truncated base, warty, woodruff or smooth; crust hat or dull stipe pruinose, rarely shining." In 1920, Torrend promoted Ganoderma sect. Amauroderma to generic status, with Amauroderma auriscalpium as the type. This resulted in an illegitimate homonym, as Murrill's earlier usage of the name has priority.
The generic name means "dark/dusky-skinned".
Several studies using molecular phylogenetics have shown that Amauroderma, as currently circumscribed, is not a monophyletic taxon and will need to be revised.

Description

The fruit bodies of Amauroderma species are stipitate except in A. andina and may attain various shapes although centrally stipitate basidiocarps are most common. Several stipes may arise from the same base, frequently resulting in fused caps and compound fruit bodies. In section some fruit bodies are distinct with one or two distinct inner black bands or zones. The stipe is often duplex with an outer dense layer surrounding an inner softer or hollow core sometimes separated by a black band. In species with a distinct tomentum on the stipe, there is often a dark zone just below the tomentum of the cap. These zones are absent from some species with a pale stipe without a tomentum. However, when present they continue into the context and frequently there is also another zone stretching more or less horizontally across the context.
Most basidiospores of Amauroderma mushrooms have an inner ornamented wall on which there is a hyaline epicutis, which is very thin and difficult to see in ordinary microscopic preparations. Mature basidiospores are pale-yellowish. An apiculus is often difficult to observe.

Chemistry

Amauroderma camerarium produces the anti-Trichomonas vaginalis protein that has been named amaurocine.

Habitat and distribution

Amauroderma is widespread in tropical areas. Twenty species have been recorded from Brazil; six have been confirmed in China. A collection of Amauroderma sprucei made in Florida in 2016 was the first recorded time that the genus has been collected in the United States.
Amauroderma schomburgkii, A. coltricioides, and A. calcigenum are examples of the genus that have been found fruiting on soil. Amauroderma schomburgkii is the most common neotropical species.

Species

The tenth edition of the Dictionary of the Fungi indicated that were about 30 species in the genus., Index Fungorum accepts 68 species of Amauroderma.
  • Amauroderma africana Ryvarden
  • Amauroderma albostipitatum A.C.Gomes-Silva, Ryvarden & T.B.Gibertoni – Brazil
  • Amauroderma amoiense J.D.Zhao & L.W.Hsu
  • Amauroderma andina Ryvarden
  • Amauroderma argenteofulvum Doidge – Africa
  • Amauroderma auriscalpium Torrend
  • Amauroderma austrosinense J.D.Zhao & L.W.Hsu
  • Amauroderma aurantiacum Gibertoni & Bernicchia – Brazil; Venezuela
  • Amauroderma bataanense Murrill – Philippines
  • Amauroderma boleticeum Torrend – South America
  • Amauroderma brasiliense Ryvarden – Brazil; Guyana; Venezuela
  • Amauroderma buloloi Aoshima
  • Amauroderma calcigenum Torrend – South America
  • Amauroderma calcitum D.H.Costa Rezende & E.R.Drechsler-Santos – Brazil
  • Amauroderma camerarium J.S.Furtado – Brazil, Belize, Colombia, Cuba, Honduras, Peru, Venezuela
  • Amauroderma coltricioides T.W.Henkel, Aime & Ryvarden – Guyana
  • Amauroderma concentricum J.Song, Xiao L.He & B.K.Cui – China
  • Amauroderma congregatum Corner
  • Amauroderma conicum Ryvarden
  • Amauroderma conjunctum Torrend – Africa
  • Amauroderma dayaoshanense J.D.Zhao & X.Q.Zhang – China
  • Amauroderma deviatum Ryvarden
  • Amauroderma ealaense Ryvarden – Africa
  • Amauroderma elegantissimum Ryvarden & Iturr. – Brazil; Guyana; Venezuela
  • Amauroderma exile Torrend – South America
  • Amauroderma faculum Henao-M. – Colombia
  • Amauroderma flabellatum Aime & Ryvarden – Guyana
  • Amauroderma floriformum A.C.Gomes-Silva, Ryvarden & T.B.Gibertoni – Brazil
  • Amauroderma fujianense J.D.Zhao, L.W.Hsu & X.Q.Zhang
  • Amauroderma fuscatum Otieno
  • Amauroderma fuscoporia Wakef. – Africa
  • Amauroderma grandisporum Gulaid & Ryvarden
  • Amauroderma guangxiense J.D.Zhao & X.Q.Zhang
  • Amauroderma hongkongense L.Fan & B.Liu – China
  • Amauroderma infundibuliforme Wakef. – Uganda
  • Amauroderma insulare Torrend – New Caledonia
  • Amauroderma intermedium Torrend – Brazil; Colombia; Guadalupe; Martinique; Paraguay; Puerto Rico
  • Amauroderma jiangxiense J.D.Zhao & X.Q.Zhang
  • Amauroderma kwiluense Ryvarden
  • Amauroderma laccatostiptatum A.C.Gomes-Silva, Ryvarden & T.B.Gibertoni – Brazil
  • Amauroderma leptopus J.S.Furtado – Indonesia
  • Amauroderma leucosporum Corner
  • Amauroderma longgangense J.D.Zhao & X.Q.Zhang
  • Amauroderma macrosporum J.S.Furtado – Brazil
  • Amauroderma malesianum Corner
  • Amauroderma nigrum Rick
  • Amauroderma nutans Murrill
  • Amauroderma oblongisporum J.S.Furtado – Africa
  • Amauroderma omphalodes Torrend – Brazil; Guyana; Venezuela; Colombia
  • Amauroderma ovisporum A.C.Gomes-Silva, Ryvarden & T.B.Gibertoni – Brazil
  • Amauroderma parasiticum Corner
  • Amauroderma partitum Wakef. – Brazil; Colombia; Guyana; Venezuela
  • Amauroderma perplexum Corner
  • Amauroderma picipes Torrend – Brazil
  • Amauroderma praetervisum Torrend – Central America; South America; Cuba; Mexico
  • Amauroderma preussii Steyaert
  • Amauroderma pudens Ryvarden
  • Amauroderma renidens Torrend – Brazil
  • Amauroderma rude Torrend
  • Amauroderma rugosum Torrend
  • Amauroderma salisburiense D.A.Reid
  • Amauroderma schomburgkii Torrend – Brazil; Colombia; Costa Rica; Cuba; Guiana Francesa; Guiana; Venezuela; Jamaica; Nicarágua; Panamá; Trinidad
  • Amauroderma scopulosum Imazeki
  • Amauroderma secedens Corner
  • Amauroderma sericatum Wakef.
  • Amauroderma sessile A.C.Gomes-Silva, Ryvarden & T.B.Gibertoni – Brazil
  • Amauroderma solomonense Corner
  • Amauroderma sprucei Torrend – Brazil; Costa Rica; Colombia; Cuba; Puerto Rico; Jamaica; Belize; French Guiana; Venezuela
  • Amauroderma subrugosum Torrend
  • Amauroderma subsessile A.C.Gomes-Silva, Ryvarden & T.B.Gibertoni – Brazil; Costa Rica; Panama
  • Amauroderma tapetellum Henao-M. – Colombia
  • Amauroderma trichodematum J.S.Furtado – Bolivia; Brazil; Guyana; Venezuela
  • Amauroderma trulliforme Torrend
  • Amauroderma unilaterum Ryvarden
  • Amauroderma variabile Lloyd ex Wakef.
  • Amauroderma wuzhishanense J.D.Zhao & X.Q.Zhang
  • Amauroderma yunnanense J.D.Zhao & X.Q.Zhang

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