Altishahr


Altishahr is a historical name for the Tarim Basin region used in the 18th and 19th centuries. The term means the "six cities" in Turkic languages and refers to oasis towns along the rim of the Tarim, in what is now Southern Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China. Six cities was synonymous with Kashgaria.

Etymology

Altishahr is derived from the Turkic word alti, which means six and Persian word shahr, for city. The term was used by Turkic-speaking inhabitants of the Tarim Basin in the 18th and 19th century. Other local words for the region included Dorben Shahr, the "four cities" and Yeti Shahr, the "seven cities".
Altishahr was adopted by some Western sources in the 19th century. Another Western term for the same region is Kashgaria. Qing sources refer to the region primarily as Nanlu or the Southern Circuit. Other Qing terms for the region include Huijiang, Huibu and Bacheng or Nanjiang.

Geography and relation to Xinjiang

Altishahr refers to the Tarim Basin of Southern Xinjiang, which was historically, geographically and ethnically distinct from the Dzungarian Basin of Northern Xinjiang. At the time of the Qing conquest in 1759, Dzungaria was inhabited by steppe dwelling, nomadic Dzungar people, Oirat Mongols who practiced Tibetan Buddhism. The Tarim Basin was inhabited by sedentary, oasis dwelling, Turkic-speaking Muslim farmers, now known as the Uyghur people. The two regions were governed as separate circuits until Xinjiang was made into a single province in 1884.

Onomatology

In the 18th century, prior to the Qing conquest of Xinjiang in 1759, the oasis towns around the Tarim did not have a single political structure governing them, and Altishahr did not refer to specific cities but the region generally. Foreign visitors to the region have tried to identify the cities and offered various lists.
Albert von Le Coq's six cities were: Kashgar, Maralbexi, Aksu, Yengisar, Yarkant and Khotan, with Kargilik as an alternative to Aksu. W. Barthold replaced Yengisar with Kucha.
The term Seven Cities may have been used after Yaqub Beg captured Turpan and referred to Kashgar, Yarkant, Khotan, Uqturpan, Aksu, Kucha, and Turpan.
The term Eight Cities may have been a Turkic translation of the Qing Chinese term Nanlu Bajiang, literally the "Eight Cities of the Southern Circuit", which referred to Kashgar, Yengisar Yarkant and Khotan in the west and Uqturpan, Aksu, Karasahr, and Turpan in the east.
According to Aurel Stein, in the early 20th century, Qing administrators used the term to describe the oasis towns around Khotan: Khotan, Yurungqash, Karakax, Qira, Keriya, and a sixth undocumented place.

History

Until the 8th century AD, much of the Tarim Basin was inhabited by Tocharians who spoke an Indo-European language and built city states in the oases along the rim of the Taklamakhan desert. The collapse of the Uyghur Khanate in modern Mongolia and settlement of Uyghur diaspora in the Tarim led to the prevalence of the Turkic languages. During the reign of the Karakhanids much of the region converted to Islam. From the 13th to the 16th centuries, the western Tarim was part of the larger Muslim Turkic-Mongol Chaghatay, Timurid and Eastern Chagatai Empires. In the 17th century, the local Yarkent Khanate ruled Altishahr until its conquest by the Buddhist Dzungars from the Dzungarian Basin to the north. In the 1750s, the region was acquired by Qing China in its conquest of the Dzungar Khanate. The Qing initially administered the Dzungaria and Altishahar separately as respectively, the Northern and Southern Circuits of Tian Shan, although both were under control of the General of Ili. The Southern Circuit was also known as Huibu, Huijiang, Chinese Turkestan, Kashgaria, Little Bukharia, East Turkestan. After quelling the Dungan Revolt in the late 19th century, the Qing combined the two circuits into the newly created Xinjiang Province in 1884. Xinjiang has since been used by the Republic of China and People's Republic of China and southern Xinjiang replaced Altishahr as place name for the region.

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