The party emerged from a split in the Alsatian federation of the French Communist Party. The split had been preceded by an unorthodox coalition in the Strasbourg municipal elections of May 1929, in which local communists had formed an alliance with clerical and autonomist forces. In a June 1929 municipal by-election, the group around Charles Hueber supported a right-wing autonomist candidate against an official PCF candidate. The Strasbourg communists had also revived the newspaper Die Neue Welt, as an alternative to l'Humanité d'Alsace-Lorraine. The expulsions from PCF came two weeks after the launch of Die Neue Welt. In October 1929 the expelled group around Hueber and Mourer founded the Opposition Communist Party. The new party counted with, at the time of its foundation, the mayor of Strasbourg and were supported by the majority in the city municipal council. Jean-Pierre Mourer represented the party in the French National Assembly, and was re-elected to the National Assembly in 1932 and 1936. The party had a difficult relationship with the PCF, and the PCF often disrupted KPO meetings.
Rise of fascism
For the Alsatian KPO, the rise of fascism in Europe would complicate its political development. The party conceptualized fascism as largely synonymous to centralism, and compared the 'Italization' of South Tyrol with 'Frenchification' by the French state in Alsace. KPO also criticized German Nazism. However, during the period of 1933-1936 the group around Hueber gradually moved towards pro-Nazi positions. After the Machtübernahme in Germany, refugees belonging to the Communist Party of Germany began arriving in Alsace. The Alsatian KPO solidarized itself with the German KPDO refugees, and aided them to find jobs. Even after the KPDO foreign committee had shifted from Strasbourg to Paris, many KPDO cadres remained in Alsace and became active members of the Alsatian KPO. The editorial line of Die Neue Welt was clearly marked by the influence of KPDO refugees, who promoted more clearly anti-fascist positions. The positions of the refugees eventually clashed with the autonomist aspirations of Alsatian cadres, leading to a split in 1934. The party expelled the refugee group, and the refugee group retaliated by expelling the party from the International Communist Opposition. In September 1935 the name 'Alsatian Workers and Peasants Party' was adopted. With the change of name, autononism was confirmed as the primary ideological position of the party. During this period, Die Neue Welt was frequently quoted in German media, as expressing the feelings of the Alsatian people. Die Neue Welt and Elsass-Lothringissche Zeitung were merged in April 1939. In July 1939, the party merged with the Autonomist Landespartei.
Membership
As of 1932, the party had around 1,300 members, primarily concentrated in Bas-Rhin. Membership would decline from then onwards, and by 1935 only a few hundred members remained.
