Akula-class submarine
The Akula class, Soviet designation Project 971 Shchuka-B are a series of nuclear-powered attack submarines first deployed by the Soviet Navy in 1986. There are four sub-classes or flights of Shchuka-B, consisting of the original seven Project 971 boats, commissioned between 1984 and 1990; six Project 971Is, commissioned between 1991 and 2009; one Project 971U, commissioned in 1995; and one Project 971M, commissioned in 2001. The Russians call all of the submarines Shchuka-B, regardless of modifications.
Some confusion may exist as the name Akula was used by the Soviets for a different class of submarines, the Project 941, which is known in the West as the. The Project 971 was named Shchuka-B by the Soviets but given the designation Akula by the West after the name of the lead ship, K-284.
According to defense analyst Norman Polmar, the launch of the first submarine in 1985, "shook everyone up", as Western intelligence agencies had not expected the Soviet Union to produce such a boat for another ten years.
Design
The Akula incorporates a double hull system composed of an inner pressure hull and an outer "light" hull. This allows more freedom in the design of the exterior hull shape, resulting in a submarine with more reserve buoyancy than its western analogs.The distinctive "bulb" or "can" located on top of the Akula's rudder houses its towed sonar array, when retracted. Most Akulas have the wake detection system hydrodynamic sensors, which detect changes in temperature and salinity. They are located on the leading edge of the sail, on the outer hull casing in front of the sail and on the bottom of the hull forward of the sail.
Akulas are armed with four 533 mm torpedo tubes which can use Type 53 torpedoes or the RPK-2, RPK-6 missile, and four 650 mm torpedo tubes which can use Type 65 torpedoes or the RPK-7 missile. These torpedo tubes are arranged in two rows of four tubes each. The external tubes are mounted outside the pressure hull in one row, above the torpedo tubes, and can only be reloaded in port or with the assistance of a submarine tender. The 650 mm tubes can be fitted with liners to use the 533 mm weaponry. The submarine is also able to use its torpedo tubes to deploy naval mines. The modernized versions, like Vepr, will be equipped with the Kalibr cruise missiles.
Versions
As with many Soviet/Russian craft, information on the status of the Akula-class submarines is sparse, at best. Information provided by sources varies widely.Project 971 (''Akula I'')
Of the seven original Akulas, only three are known to still be in service. These boats are equipped with MGK-500 Skat sonar system. The lead boat of the class, K-284 Akula was decommissioned in 2001, apparently to help save money in the cash-strapped Russian Navy. K-322 Kashalot and K-480 Bars are in reserve. K-480 Bars was put into reserve in 1998, and is being dismantled in February 2010. Pantera returned to service in January 2008 after a comprehensive overhaul. All were retrofitted with the SOKS hydrodynamic sensors. All submarines before K-391 Bratsk have reactor coolant scoops that are similar to the ones of the Typhoon-class SSBNs, long and tubular. Bratsk and subsequent submarines have reactor coolant scoops similar to the short ones on the Oscar IIs.Project 971 and 971I (Improved ''Akula I'')
The six Akulas of this class are all thought to be in service. They are quieter than the original Akulas. The MGK-500 sonar is upgraded to MGK-501 Skat-MS. Sources also disagree as to whether construction of this class has been suspended, or if there are a further two units planned.Improved Akula I Hulls: K-328 Leopard, K-461 Volk, K-154 Tigr, K-419 Kuzbass, K-295 Samara and K-152 Nerpa. These submarines are much quieter than early Akula-class submarines and all have the SOKS hydrodynamic sensors except Leopard. The Akula I Improved submarines have six 533 mm decoy launching tubes, as do subsequent submarines. They have a different arrangement of limber holes on the outer hull than Akula Is. Submarines Nerpa and Iribis have a different rescue chamber in the sail, which can be distinguished by the large dome on the top surface.''
Project 971U (''Akula II'')
K-157 Vepr is the only completed Akula II. The Akula II is longer and displaces about 700 tons more than the Akula I. The added space was used for additional quieting measures. The MGK-501 Skat sonar system on Akula I is replaced to a new MGK-540 Skat-3 sonar system. K-157 Vepr became the first Russian submarine that was quieter than the latest U.S. attack submarines of that time, which was the improved . Two of these submarines were used to build the SSBNs.Project 971M (''Akula III'')
The K-335 Gepard is the 14th submarine of the class and the only completed Akula III built for the Russian Navy. It was the first submarine commissioned in the Russian Navy since the Kursk disaster, as a result, its commissioning ceremony was an important morale boost for the Russian Navy with President Vladimir Putin in attendance. There is no NATO classification for the Akula III. It is longer and has a larger displacement compared to the Akula II, also it has an enlarged sail and a different towed-array dispenser on the vertical fin. Again, more noise reduction methods were employed. The Gepard was the most advanced Russian submarine before the submarines of the and class were commissioned.The Soviet advances in sound quieting were of considerable concern to the West, for acoustics was long considered the most significant advantage in U.S. submarine technology compared to the Soviets.
In 1983–1984 the Japanese firm Toshiba sold sophisticated, nine axis milling equipment to the Soviets along with the computer control systems, which were developed by Norwegian firm Kongsberg Vaapenfabrik. U.S Navy officials and Congressmen announced that this technology enabled the Soviet submarine builders to produce more accurate and quieter propellers.
Due to the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, production of all Akulas slowed.
The 1999–2000 edition of Jane's Fighting Ships incorrectly listed the first Akula III as Viper, commissioned on 25 November 1995. Gepard, launched 1999 and was commissioned 5 December 2001, and Nerpa, laid down in 1993, began sea trials in October 2008. It was leased to India and commissioned by the Indian Navy as INS Chakra II in April 2012.
Operational history
Between December 1995–February 1996, submarine K-461 Volk was deployed to the Mediterranean along the Russian aircraft carrier, where she monitored activities of several NATO submarines under the captain of 1st rank S. V. Spravtsev.Between April - June 1996, the K-154 Tigr submarine was deployed in the Atlantic, where she detected a US SSBN and tracked it on its combat patrol. On 23 July 1996, its commander, Captain 1st rank Alexey Burilichev, received a Hero of the Russian Federation award.
In August 2009, the news media reported that two Akula-class submarines operated off the East Coast of the United States, with one of the submarines being identified as a Project 971 Shchuka-B type. U.S. military sources noted that this was the first known Russian submarine deployment to the western Atlantic since the end of the Cold War, raising concerns within U.S. military and intelligence communities. The U.S. Northern Command confirmed that this 2009 Akula-class submarine deployment did occur.
One of the boats was likely K-335 Gepard that finished relatively lengthy combat patrol between June - September that year under the command of the Captain of the 1st rank Alexey Vyacheslavovich Dmitrov, who on 15th February 2012 was awarded a title Hero of the Russian federation for the courage shown at work. The other submarine could have been K-154 Tigr under the command of captain E. A. Petrov, given that it performed a combat patrol sometime between March and November 2009. It's unlikely that other submarines of the project 971 could have been present in the Atlantic that year. Pantera submarine was in Severemorsk during summer, while Vepr, Leopard and Volk haven't reported any kind of activity in that year.
In August 2012, the news media reported that another Akula-class submarine operated in the Gulf of Mexico purportedly undetected for over a month, sparking controversy within U.S. military and political circles, with U.S. Senator John Cornyn of the Senate Armed Services Committee demanding details of this deployment from Admiral Jonathan W. Greenert, the Chief of Naval Operations. Most likely, this was submarine K-154 Tigr, as its commander Captain of the 1st rank Pavel Bulgakov received Order of Courage on the Defender of the Fatherland Day on 22 February 2013.
Units
''Nerpa'' 2008 accident
On 27 October 2008, it was reported that K-152 Nerpa of the Russian Pacific Fleet had begun her sea trials in the Sea of Japan before handover under a lease agreement to the Indian Navy. On 8 November 2008, while conducting one of these trials, an accidental activation of the halon-based fire-extinguishing system took place in the fore section of the vessel. Within seconds the halon gas had displaced all breathable air from the compartment. As a result, 20 people were killed by asphyxiation. Dozens of others suffered freon-related injuries and were evacuated to an unknown port in Primorsky Krai. This was the worst accident in the Russian navy since the loss of the submarine K-141 Kursk in 2000. The submarine itself did not sustain any serious damage and there was no release of radiation.Lease to India
Three hundred Indian Navy personnel were trained in Russia for the operation of the Akula II submarine Nerpa. India has finalized a deal with Russia, in which at the end of the lease of these submarines, it has an option to buy them. The submarine is named INS Chakra as was the previous India-leased Soviet Charlie-I SSGN. Chakra was officially commissioned into the Indian Navy on April 4, 2012.Whereas the Russian Navy's Akula-II could be equipped with 28 nuclear-capable cruise missiles with a striking range of, the Indian version is reportedly armed with the -range Club-S nuclear-capable missiles. Missiles with ranges greater than cannot be exported due to arms control restrictions, since Russia is a signatory to the MTCR treaty.
Russia said in December 2014 that it is ready to lease India more nuclear-powered submarines a day after President Vladimir Putin and Prime Minister Narendra Modi pledged to deepen defence ties.
In January 2015, it was reported that India was involved in negotiations involving the leasing of the Kashalot and the Iribis. An agreement was reportedly reached in October 2016.
On 7 March 2019, India and Russia signed a $3 billion deal for lease of another Akula-class nuclear-powered attack submarine. The submarine, dubbed as Chakra III, should be delivered to the Indian Navy by 2025.