Agranulocytosis, also known as agranulosis or granulopenia, is an acute condition involving a severe and dangerous leukopenia, most commonly of neutrophils, and thus causing a neutropenia in the circulating blood. It is a severe lack of one major class of infection-fighting white blood cells. People with this condition are at very high risk of serious infections due to their suppressed immune system. In agranulocytosis, the concentration of granulocytes drops below 200 cells/mm³ of blood.
Signs and symptoms
Agranulocytosis may be asymptomatic, or may clinically present with sudden fever, rigors and sore throat. Infection of any organ may be rapidly progressive. Sepsis may also progress rapidly.
Causes
A large number of drugs have been associated with agranulocytosis, including antiepileptics, antithyroid drugs, antibiotics, H2 blockers, ACE inhibitors, cytotoxic drugs, gold, analgesics, mebendazole, allopurinol, the antidepressants mianserin and mirtazapine, and some antipsychotics. Clozapine users in the United States, Australia, Canada, and the UK must be nationally registered for monitoring of low WBC and absolute neutrophil counts. Although the reaction is generally idiosyncratic rather than proportional, experts recommend that patients using these drugs be told about the symptoms of agranulocytosis-related infection, such as a sore throat and a fever. The Centers for Disease Control traced outbreaks of agranulocytosis among cocaine users, in the US and Canada between March 2008 and November 2009, to the presence of levamisole in the drug supply. The Drug Enforcement Administration reported that, as of February 2010, 71% of seized cocaine lots coming into the US contained levamisole as a cutting agent. Levamisole is an antihelminthic drug used in animals. The reason for adding levamisole to cocaine is unknown, although it can be due to their similar melting points and solubilities.
The term "agranulocytosis" derives from the Greek: a, meaning without; granulocyte, a particular kind of white blood cell ; and osis, meaning condition . Consequently, agranulocytosis is sometimes described as "no granulocytes", but a total absence is not required for diagnosis. However, "-osis" is commonly used in blood disorders to imply cell proliferation, while "-penia" to imply reduced cell numbers ; for these reasons, granulopenia is a more etymologically consistent term, and as such, is sometimes preferred to "agranulocytosis". Despite this, "agranulocytosis" remains the most widely used term for the condition. The terms agranulocytosis, granulocytopenia and neutropenia are sometimes used interchangeably. Agranulocytosis implies a more severe deficiency than granulocytopenia. Neutropenia indicates a deficiency of neutrophils only. To be precise, neutropenia is the term normally used to describe absolute neutrophil counts of less than 500 cells per microlitre, whereas agranulocytosis is reserved for cases with ANCs of less than 100 cells per microlitre. The following terms can be used to specify the type of granulocyte referenced:
In a general sense the pathogenesis of neutropenia can be divided into two categories;
Inadequate or ineffective formation of granulocytes. This can be due to bone marrow failure such that occurs in aplastic anaemia, several leukaemias and chemotherapeutic agents. There can also be isolated neutropenias where only differentiated granulocyte precursors are affected as in the case of neoplastic proliferation of cytotoxic T cells or NK cells
Accelerated destruction of neutrophils. Immune-mediated reactions to neutrophils which can be caused by drugs. An enlarged spleen can lead to splenic sequestration and accelerated removal of neutrophils. Utilization of neutrophils can occur in infections
Treatment
In patients that have no symptoms of infection, management consists of close monitoring with serial blood counts, withdrawal of the offending agent, and general advice on the significance of fever.Transfusion of granulocytes would have been a solution to the problem. However, granulocytes live only ~10 hours in the circulation, which gives a very short-lasting effect. In addition, there are many complications of such a procedure.
