Afong Moy
Afong Moy was the first female Chinese immigrant to the United States. In 1834, Moy was brought from her hometown of Guangzhou to New York City by traders Nathaniel and Frederick Carne, and exhibited as "The Chinese Lady". Announcements of her exhibitions advertised her clothing, her language, and her four-inch "little feet", a result of foot binding.
Moy was the first Chinese woman to achieve fame throughout the U.S. She toured the United States, was given press coverage, and met U.S. President Andrew Jackson. In 1835, the New York firm Risso and Browne even published a lithograph of Afong Moy, titled "The Chinese Lady".
However, Moy's popularity waned in the 1840s and records of her disappeared in 1850. Moy was not mentioned again in the newspapers and it is unclear what became of her. Afong Moy was the first Chinese woman that many Americans interacted with, and influenced their perceptions of Asian women and Chinese culture.
Early life
Afong Moy was born and raised in Canton City, China. She was known to be the daughter of a "distinguished citizen", suggesting her parents had higher socio-economic status.Journey to the United States
In 1760, the Qianlong Emperor adopted a closed border policy in response to the increasing influence of Westerners in China. This policy was in effect until the mid-1900s, and meant that Westerners were only allowed to set foot on the Southern Port of Canton.While it is not clear how Moy was able to leave China and find her way to the U.S., her journey is widely attributed to two American merchants, the brothers Nathaniel and Frederic Carne. In the early 1800s, the Carne brothers worked with ship captain B.T. Obear to start a new business and draw further attention to Chinese goods in New York. Debating on a means to elevate their business, the Carne brothers concluded that exhibiting a Chinese woman in New York among a decor of Chinese furnishings would be an effective marketing strategy. They hoped that interacting with an exotic Chinese woman would lead Westerners to develop a fascination with Chinese goods.
It is believed that through newspapers and promotional materials, Captain Obear contacted Afong Moy's father, and succeeded in reaching an agreement to bring Moy to the U.S. Some sources suggest that Moy was the daughter of a privileged family, and that her father accepted payments for her temporary move to the United States. Other sources hint that she had left China to earn money to send back to her parents in Guangzhou, who were unable to support her. Obear promised to return Moy on his next voyage to Canton. On 17 October 1834, Afong Moy set sail to the United States abroad Captain Obear's ship, The Washington, accompanied by the Carne brothers and a Chinese interpreter named "Atung".
Upon her arrival in New York, Moy was identified as "Juila Foochee Chin-Chang King", the daughter of "Hong Wang-Tzang Tzee King" by the New York Sun and the New York Daily Advertiser. It is unknown whether this was her true birth name, or if it was a distortion of her real name created by Western media. It was one month following her arrival to the United States that she adopted the name Afong Moy, on the request of the Carne brothers. Initially, Moy could not speak English, but could communicate effectively through her interpreter.
Experience in the United States
Early years and fame
On 6 November 1834, Moy gave her first performance at an exhibition hall at No. 8 Park Palace, and advertisements of her performance soon began to appear in local newspapers. These advertisements described Moy as 19 years of age, 4 feet 10 inches in height, "dressed in her national costume", with feet that were "but four inches in length". One paper advertised Moy as a Chinese lady "in native costume who showed New York belles how different ladies could look in widely separated regions". From 10 November onwards, Moy was exhibited to the general public between 10 AM and 2 PM, and then again from 5 PM to 9 PM, for the price of 50 cents. She would sit upon a throne of "rich and costly materials" in a Chinese setting, the centerpiece of a room of Chinese furnishings, handicrafts, and decorative objects. On stage, she would use chopsticks, explain Chinese social practices, and sing traditional Chinese songs. She would sometimes display her bound feet by elevating them on a cushion or walking around the room. She performed at various venues in 1834, including the American Museum, Peale's Museum, and the Brooklyn Institute.Evidence suggests that Afong Moy's opinions were respected in her exhibitions, and that Moy had the agency to reject audience requests.
As her exhibition in New York gained fame, Moy embarked on a trip across the United States, visiting major cities including New Haven, Philadelphia, Washington, Baltimore, Richmond, Norfolk, Charleston, New Orleans, and Boston. In March 1835, she performed in Washington for an entire month, where her exhibition was hailed as an "unprecedented novelty". In Washington, Moy met U.S. President Andrew Jackson in early March.
Records of Moy ceased briefly in 1836, and she re-emerged in New York in 1837.
Decline
On April 1838, the media reported that Moy was faced with financial difficulties. Rumors were circulated that she had been discarded in New Jersey by her proprietor. Descriptions of her situation were distressing to the extent that local residents considered financing her return to China. Moy's guardian, Caleb E. Taylor, rebuked these claims, although Moy did not continue to put on exhibitions.Following press coverage of Moy's situation, the county authorities of Monmouth, New Jersey boarded her in the local poorhouse at public expense. She remained there until April 1848, when "a company of persons redeemed her, by defraying the expenses of her maintenance and giving security for the future". Moy's removal from the poorhouse was intended to return her to the exhibition hall. In 1847, the public were once again able to attend her shows.
After more shows in New York, Boston, and Philadelphia, Moy performed at a venue on Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, D.C. in November 1849. In this performance, her name was advertised as Afong Moy Nanchoy, suggesting that she had been married to a man of Cantonese origin. Her last recorded exhibition was in the New York City Hotel on April 1850. Following this performance, records of Moy completely disappear. Some sources suggest that she had left the United States to tour Europe.
Image and appearance
The New-York Commercial Advertiser described Moy as a "healthy, bouncing girl", with a "complexion tinged with copper but sufficiently transparent, revealing that roses are blooming beneath her skin". She wore a costume befitting a lady "of her rank"—wherever she appeared in public, she would dress in Chinese attire. During her first days in the United States, Moy mainly wore a mantle of blue silk with pantalets of yellow silk. In her later displays, Moy was said to dress in "her native costume, composed of most superb Chinese Embroidery".Moy spent long hours perfecting her appearance each day. She was said to spend her time either "at her toilet, or at her tambour". She was known to spend four to five hours at her toilette.
Moy had undergone the process of foot binding as a child, and her feet were said to measure from the heel to the end of the great toe, from the heel to the end of the small toe, and around the ankle. Several physicians examined Moy's bound feet and published their findings in newspapers.
Legacy
Influence on Western perceptions of China and Chinese women
Afong Moy's influence and regular interaction with the American public provided her a platform to counter particular stereotypes of Chinese women, even as she struggled for her survival in the United States. Scholars have argued that Moy blurred the lines between the dominant "Lotus Blossom" and "Dragon Lady" stereotypes of Asian women. Moy had the amiability of a "Lotus Blossom", yet she demonstrated the resolve and determination of a "Dragon Lady".Moy's experience with American society has also been interpreted as an expression of America's mentality towards Chinese residents before Chinese exclusion engulfed the country, as a predecessor to the segregated treatment of the Chinese. Americans looked down upon the Chinese practice of foot-binding for women, and Moy's exhibitions led some Americans to decry China as culturally backward.