Adaptive control is the control method used by a controller which must adapt to a controlled system with parameters which vary, or are initially uncertain. For example, as an aircraft flies, its mass will slowly decrease as a result of fuel consumption; a control law is needed that adapts itself to such changing conditions. Adaptive control is different from robust control in that it does not need a priori information about the bounds on these uncertain or time-varying parameters; robust control guarantees that if the changes are within given bounds the control law need not be changed, while adaptive control is concerned with control law changing itself.
Direct methods are ones wherein the estimated parameters are those directly used in the adaptive controller. In contrast, indirect methods are those in which the estimated parameters are used to calculate required controller parameters. Hybrid methods rely on both estimation of parameters and direct modification of the control law. There are several broad categories of feedback adaptive control :
** Cautious adaptive controllers – use current SI to modify control law, allowing for SI uncertainty
** Certainty equivalent adaptive controllers – take current SI to be the true system, assume no uncertainty
*** Nonparametric adaptive controllers
*** Parametric adaptive controllers
**** Explicit parameter adaptive controllers
**** Implicit parameter adaptive controllers
* Multiple models – Use large number of models, which are distributed in the region of uncertainty, and based on the responses of the plant and the models. One model is chosen at every instant, which is closest to the plant according to some metric.
Some special topics in adaptive control can be introduced as well:
Adaptive control based on discrete-time process identification
Adaptive control based on the model reference control technique
Concurrent learning adaptive control, which relaxes the condition on persistent excitation for parameter convergence for a class of systems
Adaptive control has even been merged with intelligent techniques such as fuzzy and neural networks and the new terms like fuzzy adaptive control has been generated.
Applications
When designing adaptive control systems, special consideration is necessary of and robustness issues. Lyapunov stability is typically used to derive control adaptation laws and show.
Self-tuning of subsequently fixed linear controllers during the implementation phase for one operating point;
Self-tuning of subsequently fixed robust controllers during the implementation phase for whole range of operating points;
Self-tuning of fixed controllers on request if the process behaviour changes due to ageing, drift, wear, etc.;
Adaptive control of linear controllers for nonlinear or time-varying processes;
Adaptive control or self-tuning control of nonlinear controllers for nonlinear processes;
Adaptive control or self-tuning control of multivariable controllers for multivariable processes ;
Usually these methods adapt the controllers to both the process statics and dynamics. In special cases the adaptation can be limited to the static behavior alone, leading to adaptive control based on characteristic curves for the steady-states or to extremum value control, optimizing the steady state. Hence, there are several ways to apply adaptive control algorithms. A particularly successful application of adaptive control has been adaptive flight control. This body of work has focused on guaranteeing stability of a model reference adaptive control scheme using Lyapunov arguments. Several successful flight-test demonstrations have been conducted, including fault tolerant adaptive control.
