Adapalene


Adapalene is a third-generation topical retinoid primarily used in the treatment of mild-moderate acne, and is also used off-label to treat keratosis pilaris as well as other skin conditions. It is effective against acne conditions where comedones are predominant.

Medical uses

Per the recommendations of the Global Alliance on Improving Outcomes of Acne, retinoids such as adapalene are considered first line therapy in acne treatment and are to be used either independently or in conjunction with benzoyl peroxide and/or an antimicrobial agent, like clindamycin, for maximum efficacy.  Furthermore, adapalene, like other retinoids, increases the efficacy and penetration of other topical acne medications that are used in conjunction with topical retinoids as well as hastens the improvement of the post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation caused by acne. In the long term, it can be used as maintenance therapy.

Off-label uses

Adapalene has the unique ability to inhibit keratinocyte differentiation and decrease keratin deposition. This property makes adapalene an effective treatment for keratosis pilaris and callus. It may be used by men undergoing foreskin restoration to reduce excess keratin that forms a layer on the exterior of the human penis after circumcision. Other non-FDA approved indications that have been reported in the literature include treatment of verruca vulgaris, molluscum contagiosum, Darier disease, photoaging, pigmentary disorders, actinic keratoses and alopecia areata.
A study has concluded that adapalene 0.1% gel under occlusion is an effective, safe and easy to use treatment for plantar warts and may help clear lesions faster than cryotherapy.

Side effects

It is common to experience a brief sensation of warmth or stinging, as well as dry skin, peeling and redness during the first 2–4 weeks of using the medication. These effects are considered mild and generally decrease over time. Any serious allergic reaction is rare. Furthermore, of the three topical retinoids, adapalene is often regarded as the most tolerable.

In pregnancy

Use of topical adapalene in pregnancy has not been well studied, but has a theoretical risk of retinoid embryopathy. Thus far, there is no evidence that the cream causes problems in the baby if used during pregnancy. Use is at the consumer's own risk.
According to the Drugs and Lactation Database, topical adapalene has poor systemic absorption and results in low blood levels despite long term use, suggesting that there is low risk of harm for a nursing infant. However, it is recommended that the topical medication should not be applied to the nipple or any other area that may come into direct contact with the infant's skin.

Interactions

Adapalene has been shown to enhance the efficacy of topical clindamycin, although adverse effects are also increased. Application of adapalene gel to the skin 3–5 minutes before application of clindamycin enhances penetration of clindamycin into the skin, which may enhance the overall efficacy of the treatment as compared to clindamycin alone.

Pharmacology

Unlike the retinoid tretinoin, adapalene has also been shown to retain its efficacy when applied at the same time as benzoyl peroxide due to its more stable chemical structure. Furthermore, photodegradation of the molecule is less of a concern in comparison to tretinoin and tazarotene.

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption of adapalene through the skin is low. A study with six acne patients treated once daily for five days with two grams of adapalene cream applied to of skin found no quantifiable amounts, or less than 0.35 ng/mL of the drug, in the patients' blood plasma. Controlled trials of chronic users of adapalene have found drug levels in the patients' plasma to be 0.25 ng/mL.

Pharmacodynamics

Topical adapalene first penetrates the hair follicle and binds to nuclear retinoic acid receptors.  These complexes then bind retinoid X receptor which then regulates gene transcription by binding to specific DNA sites which leads to normalization of keratinocyte differentiation allowing for decreased microcomedone formation, decreased clogging in pores, and gives adapalene its exfoliative properties by increasing cell turnover.  Adapalene is also regarded as an anti-inflammatory agent, as it suppresses the inflammatory response stimulated by the presence of Cutibacterium acnes, and inhibits both lipoxygenase activity and the oxidative metabolism of arachidonic acid into prostaglandins.
Adapalene selectively targets retinoic acid receptor beta and retinoic acid receptor gamma when applied to epithelial cells such as those found in the skin. Its agonism of the gamma subtype is largely responsible for adapalene's observed effects. In fact, when adapalene is applied in conjunction with a retinoic acid receptor gamma antagonist, adapalene loses clinical efficacy.
Retinization is a common temporary phenomenon reported by patients when the initiate treatment of retinols. Within the initial period of treatment, skin can become red, irritated, dry and may burn or itch from retinol application; however, this tends to resolve within four weeks with once a day use.

History

Adapalene is a research product of Galderma Laboratories, France. Adapalene was approved in 1996 by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in the treatment of acne.

Available forms

In the United States, adapalene is available under the brand name Differin in three preparations: 0.1% cream, 0.1% gel, and 0.3% gel. The 0.1% gel is available as a generic made by Teva. It is also available combined with benzoyl peroxide under the brand names Epiduo and Tactupump. In Europe, only the 0.1% cream and 0.1% gel are available. Adapalene is currently marketed by Galderma under the trade names Differin in some countries, and Adaferin in India. It is mostly available in 0.1% w/w gel form.
As of July 8, 2016, Galderma received approval from the FDA for Differin Gel as an over-the-counter treatment for acne.
The Proactiv Company also sells the adapalene gel 0.1% under its brand name Proactiv MD Adapalene 0.1%.