In data networking, telecommunications, and computer buses, an acknowledgement is a signal that is passed between communicating processes, computers, or devices to signify acknowledgement, or receipt of message, as part of a communications protocol. The negative-acknowledgement signal is sent to reject a previously received message or to indicate some kind of error. Acknowledgements and negative acknowledgements inform a sender of the receiver's state so that it can adjust its own state accordingly. Oftentimes, data messages in telecommunications contain checksums to verify the integrity of the payload and header. Checksumswork in such a way that if a single bit of the data is corrupted, the checksum would have a different value, so they can provide an inexpensive way to check for signal integrity. If a message is received with an invalid checksum, the receiver can know that some information was corrupted. Most often, when checksums are employed, a corrupted message received will either not be served an ACK signal, or will be served a NAK signal.
code includes an ACK character which can be transmitted to indicate successful receipt and a NAK character which can be transmitted to indicate or inability or failure to receive. Unicode provides visible symbols for these characters, U+2406 and U+2415.
Protocol usage
Many protocols are acknowledgement-based, meaning that they positively acknowledge receipt of messages. The internet's Transmission Control Protocol is an example of an acknowledgement-based protocol. When computers communicate via TCP, received packets are acknowledged by sending back a packet with an ACK bit set. The TCP protocol allows these acknowledgements to be included with data that is sent in the opposite direction. Some protocols send a single acknowledgement per packet of information. Other protocols such as TCP and ZMODEMallow many packets to be transmitted before receiving acknowledgement for any of them, a procedure necessary to fill high bandwidth-delay product links with a large number of bytes in flight. Other protocols are NAK-based, meaning that they only respond to messages if there is a problem. Examples include most reliable multicast protocols which send a NAK when the receiver detects missing packets. Still other protocols make use of both NAKs and ACKs. Binary Synchronous Communications and Adaptive Link Rate are examples. Still other protocols such as the RC-5, User Datagram Protocol, and X10 protocols perform blind transmission with no acknowledgement, often transmitting the same message multiple times in hopes that at least one copy of the message gets through. The acknowledgement function is used in the automatic repeat request function. Acknowledgement frames are numbered in coordination with the frames that have been received and then sent to the transmitter. This allows the transmitter to avoid overflow or underrun at the receiver, and to become aware of any missed frames. In Binary Synchronous Communications, the NAK is used to indicate that a transmission error was detected in the previously received block and that the receiver is ready to accept retransmission of that block. Bisync does not use a single ACK character but has two control sequences for alternate even/odd block acknowledgement.
