Acetophenone


Acetophenone is the organic compound with the formula C6H5CCH3. It is the simplest aromatic ketone. This colorless, viscous liquid is a precursor to useful resins and fragrances.

Production

Acetophenone is recovered as a by-product of the oxidation of ethylbenzene to ethylbenzene hydroperoxide. Ethylbenzene hydroperoxide is an intermediate in the commercial production of propylene oxide via the propylene oxide - styrene co-product process. Ethylbenzene hydroperoxide is primarily converted to 1-phenylethanol in the process with a small amount of by-product acetophenone. Acetophenone is recovered or hydrogenated to 1-phenylethanol which is then dehydrated to produce styrene.

Uses

Precursor to resins

Commercially significant resins are produced from treatment of acetophenone with formaldehyde and a base. The resulting copolymers are conventionally described with the formula n, resulting from aldol condensation. These substances are components of coatings and inks. Modified acetophenone-formaldehyde resins are produced by the hydrogenation of the aforementioned ketone-containing resins. The resulting polyol can be further crosslinked with diisocyanates. The modified resins are found in coatings, inks and adhesives.

Niche uses

Acetophenone is an ingredient in fragrances that resemble almond, cherry, honeysuckle, jasmine, and strawberry. It is used in chewing gum.
It is also listed as an approved excipient by the U.S. FDA.

Laboratory reagent

In instructional laboratories, acetophenone is converted to styrene in a two-step process that illustrates the reduction of carbonyls using hydride and the dehydration of alcohols:
A similar two-step process is used industrially, but reduction step is performed by hydrogenation over a copper catalyst.
Being prochiral, acetophenone is also a popular test substrate for asymmetric hydrogenation experiments.

Drugs

Acetophenone is used for the synthesis of many pharmaceuticals.
A Mannich reaction with dimethylamine and formaldehyde gives β-dimethylaminopropiophenone. Using diethylamine instead gives the diethylamino analog.

Natural occurrence

Acetophenone occurs naturally in many foods including apple, cheese, apricot, banana, beef, and cauliflower. It is also a component of castoreum, the exudate from the castor sacs of the mature beaver.

Pharmacology

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, acetophenone was used in medicine. It was marketed as a hypnotic and anticonvulsant under brand name Hypnone. The typical dosage was 0.12 to 0.3 milliliters. It was considered to have superior sedative effects to both paraldehyde and chloral hydrate. In humans, acetophenone is metabolized to benzoic acid, carbonic acid, and acetone. Hippuric acid occurs as an indirect metabolite and its quantity in urine may be used to confirm acetophenone exposure, although other substances, like toluene, also induce hippuric acid in urine.

Toxicity

The is 815 mg/kg. Acetophenone is currently listed as a Group D carcinogen indicating that it does not produce carcinogenic effects in humans.