Abraham of Toledo
Abraham of Toledo, also known as Abraham Alfaquín and Abraham Ibn Waqar, was an Iberian Jewish physician and translator of the Toledo School of Translators. He served as personal physician to Alfonso X of Castile and his son Sancho IV of Castile, under whose patronage he translated numerous books from Arabic into Castilian. Together with five other prominent court Jews, he was kidnapped and held hostage from 1270 to 1275 by rebellious nobles demanding the elimination of taxes.
He translated in 1263 the Kitab al-Miraj, an account of the Mi'raj, into Castilian under the title La escala de Mahoma. His Castilian translation was in turn translated into French by the same year, the first book on the subject of Muhammad's prophethood presented to a French lay audience. He later translated a cosmographical work of Alhazen under the title Libro de la constitución del universo, and revised a 1277 translation of Arzachel's Libro de la Açafeha by Ferdnando of Toledo found unsatisfactory by the King.
