ALSN


ALSN is a train control system meaning Continuous Automatic Train Signalling used widely on the main lines of the ex-Soviet states. It uses modulated pulses inducted into rails similar to the Italian RS4 Codici and American Pulse Code Cab Signaling. On high-speed lines the variant ALS-EN is used which takes advantage of a double phase difference modulation of the carrier wave.
The name ALSN is composed of ALS, literally "Automatic Locomotive Signalling" and the variant designation N "Continuous Effect". Other variants are built according to the same scheme like ALST for "Fixed Point Automatic Train Signalling" and ALSR for "Radio-Based Automatic Train Signalling". The term ALS-ARS refers to "Automatic Train Signalling with Automatic Speed Regulation" used in subways which is a form of an automatic train control system.

ALSN operation principles

The system makes use of several distinct pulse train patterns of alternating current flowing through a track circuit to convey an aspect of the next signal. The circuit comprises the feedpoint at the next signal, one running rail, first locomotive axle, another running rail and back to the signal feedpoint. The resulting electromagnetic field is picked up by receiver coils located just front of the first axle of the locomotive. The signal is then amplified, filtered and evaluated.
If the received signal changes from a more permissive to a less permissive aspect, an immediate vigilance control acknowledge is required; depending on configuration and aspects, periodic checks and a speed limit may be enforced as well.
The benefits of the system are relative encoder simplicity and the ability to use the same signal for track occupancy detection. The drawbacks are a somewhat long response time unsuitable for high speed operation, and the necessity to switch between 25/50/75 Hz frequency variants depending on traction current type and other conditions.

VEPS

A new, modular ALSN automatic train protection onboard system VEPS has been under development since 2002 in Estonia. Based on programmable logic controller technologies, the system was developed by Estonian Railway engineers and patented in 2004 by Indrek Syld. The new system was installed in the CE35 type of locomotive during 2003-2004. A new platform was installed on Stadler's FLIRT trains for Estonia in 2012, and in 2016 a third generation of the system was introduced for the international market.

KLUB

Since the 1990s, the Russian Railroad Company has introduced a computerized successor system KLUB-U which requires either ALSN only or both, ALSN and ALS-EN sensors for compatibility. In ERTMS the ALSN/ALS-EN systems are listed as ETCS Class-B systems.

ALS-ARS

A similar in general theory of operation, but differently implemented, is an ALS-ARS system used in subways of the former Soviet Union. It uses low frequency signals transmitted and received as described above, with the difference that the signals are continuous wave and the signal's frequency determines its code meaning, which results in much faster response time. Typically, two frequencies are transmitted at the same time, indicating the current speed limit and, if lower, the limit for the next section, providing the train driver with a warning and time to react and reduce speed.
In case of an overspeed, the train is unconditionally braked to the indicated speed limit, and then, if not acknowledged by a driver pressing a vigilance button, to a complete stop. Should be there no frequency received, the driver may proceed at a low speed while holding a vigilance pedal.