691

By place

Europe

• King Theuderic III dies and is succeeded by his son Clovis IV, age 9, as sole ruler of the Franks. He becomes a puppet—a roi fainéant—of his uncle Pepin of Herstal, mayor of the palace of Austrasia.

  Arabian Empire

• Battle of Maskin: An Umayyad army under caliph Abd al-Malik defeats the rebel forces in Mesopotamia. He reconquers the Arabian Peninsula, taking the holy city of Medina.

  By topic

Architecture

• The Dome of the Rock is completed in Jerusalem during the Second Fitna, becoming the first work of Islamic architecture.

  Religion

• Wilfrid, abbot of Ripon, tries to make himself bishop of all Northumbria. King Aldfrith seizes many of his Ripon Abbey estates, and proposes to create a bishopric there. Wilfrid is banished and flees to Mercia, where King Æthelred makes him bishop of Leicester.