1889 in science

Biology

• Francis Galton publishes Natural Inheritance, a book which summarizes the results of a number of his papers and inspires Karl Pearson, Raphael Weldon and others to develop the mathematics and statistics of inheritance and biometry.
• Joseph von Mering and Oskar Minkowski at the University of Strasbourg demonstrate that a function of the mammalian pancreas is to produce the hormone insulin, the lack of which leads to diabetes mellitus.
• Hugo de Vries publishes Intracellular Pangenesis, a book which postulates the existence of genes.

  Chemistry

• Frederick Abel and James Dewar patent cordite.
• Svante Arrhenius provides a physical explanation for the Arrhenius equation on the reaction rate constant.

  Earth sciences

• October 6 – Mount Kilimanjaro's summit is first reached, by German geologist Hans Meyer.
• Returning to France from his expedition up the Niger River, Louis Gustave Binger reveals that the Mountains of Kong do not exist.

  History of science

• Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld publishes the Facsimile-Atlas to the Early History of Cartography in Stockholm.

  Mathematics

• Joseph Louis François Bertrand publishes Calcul des probabilités containing the Bertrand's box paradox in probability theory.
• Giuseppe Peano publishes Arithmetices principia, nova methodo exposita containing the Peano axioms for the natural numbers.

  Medicine

• May – Johns Hopkins Hospital opens in Baltimore, Maryland, with senior founding staff comprising pathologist William Henry Welch, surgeon William Stewart Halsted, gynecologist Howard Atwood Kelly and internist William Osler, who originates the concept of a residency for training junior doctors.
• The 1889–1890 flu pandemic originates in Russia.

  Paleontology

• First Barosaurus remains excavated in the Morrison Formation of South Dakota by Othniel Charles Marsh and John Bell Hatcher of Yale University.

  Psychology

• The Müller-Lyer illusion is devised.

  Technology

• January 8 – Herman Hollerith receives a patent in the United States for his electric tabulating machine.
• March 12 – Almon B. Strowger, an undertaker in Topeka, Kansas, files a patent in the United States for an automatic telephone exchange using the Strowger switch.
• May 6–October 31 – Exposition Universelle in Paris, with the Eiffel Tower as its entrance arch. At 300 m, the tower's height exceeds the previous tallest structure in the world by 130 m. The Galerie des machines, designed by architect Ferdinand Dutert and engineer Victor Contamin, at 111 m, spans the longest interior space in the world at this time.
• June 3 – The first long distance electric power transmission line in the United States is completed, running between a generator at Willamette Falls and downtown Portland, Oregon.
• An early method of high-voltage direct current transmission as developed by Swiss engineer René Thury is implemented commercially in Italy by the Acquedotto de Ferrari-Galliera company, transmitting 630 kW at 14 kV DC over a distance of 120 km.
• Probable date – Car to the design of Siegfried Marcus completed in Vienna.

  Awards

• Copley Medal: George Salmon
• Wollaston Medal for Geology: Thomas George Bonney

  Births

• January 17 – Ralph H. Fowler, English physicist and astronomer.
• March 21 – Frederick Osborn, American philanthropist and eugenicist.
• April 21 – Paul Karrer, Swiss winner of Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
• May 18 – Thomas Midgley, Jr., American chemist and inventor.
• June 4 – Beno Gutenberg, German-born seismologist.
• June 23 – Verena Holmes, English mechanical engineer and inventor.
• July 18 – Axel Boëthius, Swedish archeologist of Etruscan culture.
• July 30 – Vladimir K. Zworykin, Russian-born pioneer of television technology.
• August 1 – Walter Gerlach, German physicist.
• August 7 – Léon Brillouin, French physicist.
• August 11 – Ross T. McIntire, American naval surgeon.
• September 7 – Mary Barkas, New Zealand psychiatrist.
• September 28 – Hugh Whistler, English ornithologist of India.
• November 20 – Edwin Hubble, American astronomer.
• November 24 – William Justin Kroll, Luxembourgish metallurgist.
• December 21 – Sewall Wright, American geneticist.
• December 29 – Vera Fedorovna Gaze, Russian astronomer.
• John Ryle, English physician and epidemiologist.

  Deaths

• January 4 – Mary Philadelphia Merrifield, English algologist.
• February 8 – Roberto Duarte Silva, Portuguese chemist.
• March 16 – Ernst Wilhelm Leberecht Tempel, German astronomer.
• March 22 – Sophia Wilkens, Swedish pioneer in the education of students with intellectual disability.
• April 19 – Warren De La Rue, British astronomical photographer.
• June 28 – Maria Mitchell, American astronomer.
• July 30 – Miles Joseph Berkeley, English botanist.
• August 21 – Nikolai Annenkov, Russian botanist.
• October 11 – James Joule, English physicist.
• October 18 – Antonio Meucci, Italian American inventor.