Ōoku
The Ōoku refers to the Women's quarters of Edo Castle, the section where the women connected to the reigning shōgun resided. Similar areas in the castles of powerful daimyōs, such as the Satsuma Domain, were also referred to by this term.
History
The Ōoku was built inside the Honmaru enceinte of Edo Castle in 1607 by Tokugawa Hidetada, who passed a special law to separate the Ōoku completely from the outside world. By this law, noblewomen living in the Ōoku could not leave the castle without permission, and no women within the Ōoku were permitted to have a relationship with man. This system lasted for nearly 200 years.Structure
No male adults were admitted onto the floor of the Ōoku without the shōgun. The corridor through which the shōgun entered was called Osuzu Rōka, derived from the custom of ringing of the suzu bells to announce the entrance of the shōgun. This corridor was the only route which connected the Ōoku to rest of Edo Castle, and it was usually locked.The Ōoku consisted of the Honmaru where the midaidokoro, the shōguns official wife, and her children resided. Male heirs residing in the Honmaru were required to move to the Sannomaru after coming of age. The Ninomaru was where shōguns concubines and their children resided, and the Sannomaru house the oomidaidokoro and the former shōguns widowed concubines without children in the royal family. Nagatsubone was where the senior chamberlain and servants resided, as well as the residence of male heirs from the time they came of age until their appointment as shogun. The Nakanomaru was a performance area for Noh plays, although during the reign of the third shōgun it was also the residence of his wife Takatsukasa Takako, who moved there after her third miscarriage.
After a fire destroyed the Edo Castle's Honmaru and the Meiji Reformation brought about the end of the shogunate, the Ōoku also ceased to exist.
Organisation
The women's quarters included the shōgun's mother, the official wife, and concubines. Rumored to house several thousand women, including maids and servants at one point, the Ōoku was, as much as any other part of Edo Castle, a focal point of political intrigue for the Tokugawa shogunate.A lady in the rank of an Otoshiyori or Jōrō Otoshiyori or the senior ladyship held the reins of power in the Ōoku, while attaining the influence equivalent to a Rōjū in Edo Castle.
| Position | Duties |
| Jorō O-toshiyori | - Usually a woman who was from a respected and noble family |
| O-toshiyori | - The court lady who runs the Ooku - Held authority similar to the Rōjū in Edo Castle |
| O-kyaku-ashirai | - Responsible for receiving ambassadors from various daimyo |
| Chū-doshiyori | - Took orders from the o-toshiyori - Did everything from menu checking to poison tasting |
| Chūrō | - Personal assistant of the Shogun and his wife - Usually women of good social standing and good caliber were chosen - Concubines could be chosen from these women |
| O-koshō | - Midaidokoro’s handmaid and page - Many were young girls between the ages of 7 and 16 |
| O-jōguchi | - Responsible for managing the locks on the gates between the Ooku and Naka-oku |
| Omote-zukai | - Under the orders of the o-toshiyori, in charge of requesting the Hiroshiki-yonin to procure supplies |
| Go-yūhitsu | - Responsible for managing all official documents from diaries to letters - Also in charge of inspecting gifts from the various daimyo |
| O-tsugi | - Responsible for transporting meals and various tools - Responsible for cleaning meeting places |
| Kittegai | - Responsible for renewing a certificate that visitors needed in order to enter from one of the 7 gates |
| Gofukunoma | - Responsible for the clothes and wardrobe of the Shogun and midaidokoro |
| O-bōzu | - Responsible for the Shogun’s miscellaneous affairs - Usually women in their middle ages adorning haori hakama and wearing their hair in the tonsure style - Occasionally going in and out of the Naka-oku |
| O-hirozashiki | - Underlings of the omote-zukai - In charge of the meals for the ambassadors that visited the Ooku |
| O-sannoma | - Responsible for the cleaning of the three sections of Honmaru Palace |
| O-nakai | |
| Hinoban | - Excelled at martial arts and also served as a security guard |
| O-chanoma | |
| O-tsukaiban | |
| O-hashita/O-sue |
Notable persons
- Kasuga no Tsubone, shōgun Tokugawa Iemitsu's wet nurse. She became the first Jōrō Otoshiyori in 1607 after being recommended by the first Midaidokoro, Oeyo. She managed the Ooku with Oeyo from 1607 until Oeyo died in 1626, and then with Oman no Kata from 1640 until her death in 1643.
- Oman no Kata, the first concubine named a Jōrō Otoshiyori. She later acted as adoptive mother to two Iemitsu's children, Chiyohime and Tokugawa Ietsuna, the fourth shogun. She was a concubine of Tokugawa Iemitsu and retired in March 1657.
- Yajima no Tsubone, shōgun Tokugawa Ietsuna's wet nurse. She became the third Jōrō Otoshiyori in 1656 after Oman no Kata's retirement, and later was banished from Ōoku in 1675 after her plots against several of the other women of the Ooku were discovered by Ietsuna:
- * In 1675, she poisoned the powder used by Asa no Miya Akiko, which blinded her; the resulting stress contributed to her death a year later.
- * In 1667 she poisoned the lipstick of Ofuri no Kata, who was then pregnant; Ofuri suffered a miscarriage and died soon after. Yajima's motive in poisoning Ofuri was to allow her daughter to become the mother of Ietsuna's sole heir, but this was not to be as her daughter also later miscarried after falling down the stairs.
- Lady Emonnosuke, the second and last concubine to be named Jōrō Otoshiyori, and the concubine of Tokugawa Tsunayoshi from 1683 until her death in January 1705.
- Lady Akimoto, who became Jōrō Otoshiyori in 1705 after the death of Lady Emonnosuke. She retired in 1709.
- Ejima, Jōrō Otoshiyori and the personal ladyship of Gekkoin, mother of seventh shōgun. Held the office from 1709 until 1714. She was expelled from Ōoku in 1714 due to her relationship with a man named Ikushima Shingoro.This tragedy came to be known as Ejima-Ikushima affair.
- Fujinami, Jōrō Otoshiyori and the personal ladyship of Ten'ei-in, widow of the sixth shogun. In office beginning in 1714.
- Lady Takaoka, Jōrō Otoshiyori during the reign of Tokugawa Ieharu. In office from 1765 to 1787.
- Lady Anekoji, Jōrō Otoshiyori from the reign of Tokugawa Ienari until that of Tokugawa Ieyoshi. In office from 1826 to 1844.
- Lady Utahashi, wet nurse of Tokugawa Iesada, personal ladyship of Lady Honjuin and Jōrō Otoshiyori during the reign of Tokugawa Ieyoshi. In office from 1844 to 1853.
- Ikushima, the personal ladyship of Tenshōin. She retired from the Ōoku at 1859 and stayed with Muraoka, the senior ladyship of the Konoe family, until her death. She was buried at Satsuma.
- Niwata Tsuguko of Kyoto, the personal ladyship of Princess Kazunomiya, Iemochi's wife. She died 1868 in the Ōoku.
- Takiyama, the Jōrō Otoshiyori. She served the previous shōgun, including Tokugawa Iesada and Atsuhime/Tenshōin, Tokugawa Iemochi and Kazunomiya/Seikan'in-no miya, and the last shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu. After a new government took over Edo Castle, she moved to Kawaguchi in Saitama Prefecture. Her remains were buried in Shakujo-ji Temple. In office from 1853 to 1867.
In popular culture
There were many popular portrayals of the Ōoku.
- Ōoku: Hana no Ran
- Ōoku
- Atsuhime,
- Oh! Oku
- Masami Okui best album: Ōoku
- Ōoku''