The last day of each month of the Japanese lunisolar calendar was historically named misoka. Originally, "miso" was written as 三十, indicating the 30th day, though misoka sometimes fell on the 29th due to the varying lengths of the lunar month. The last day in the 12th lunar month is called ōmisoka—with the 大 indicating it is the final last day of the month for that year—or the "great thirtieth day". As part of the Meiji Restoration, Japan switched to the Gregorian calendar in 1873, and ōmisoka was set as December 31, or New Year's Eve. The day is also known by the archaic pronunciation of ōtsugomori. This is a shortened version of tsukigomori, meaning "last day of the month".
Activities
Traditionally, important activities for the concluding year and day were completed in order to start the new year fresh. Some of these include house cleaning, repaying debts, purification, and bathing so the final hours of the year could be spent relaxing. More recently, families and friends often gather for parties, including the viewing of the over four-hour Kōhaku Uta Gassen on NHK. This custom has its roots in the ancient Japanese culture surrounding toshigamisama or toshitokusama, which revolved around the practice of showing reverence toward the gods of the current and upcoming years. About an hour before the New Year, people often gather together for one last time in the old year to have a bowl of toshikoshi soba or toshikoshi udon together—a tradition based on people's association of eating the long noodles with "crossing over from one year to the next", which is the meaning of toshi-koshi. While the noodles are often eaten plain, or with chopped scallions, in some localities people top them with tempura. Traditionally, families make osechi on the last few days of the year. The food is then consumed during the first several days of the new year in order " the 'deity of the year' to each household" and " for happiness throughout the year". At midnight, many visit a shrine or temple for Hatsumōde, or the first shrine/temple visit of the year. Throughout Japan, Shinto shrines prepare amazake to pass out to crowds that gather as midnight approaches. Most Buddhist temples have a large bonshō that is struck once for each of the 108 earthly temptations believed to cause human suffering. When seeing someone for the last time before the new year, it is traditional to say "Yoi o-toshi wo". The traditional first greeting after the beginning of the New Year is "Akemashite omedetō. This celebration is the equivalent of New Year's Eve in the Western world, and coincides with Saint Sylvester's Day celebrated by some Western Christian churches.
